Preface ........................................................ ix
List of Symbols ................................................ xi
List of Tables ................................................. xv
List of Figures .............................................. xvii
PART I. PETROLEUM PRODUCTION ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS
1. Petroleum Production System ............................... 1/3
1.1. Introduction ........................................ 1/4
1.2. Reservoir ........................................... 1/4
1.3. Well ................................................ 1/5
1.4. Separator ........................................... 1/8
1.5. Pump ................................................ 1/9
1.6. Gas Compressor ..................................... 1/10
1.7. Pipelines .......................................... 1/11
1.8. Safety Control System .............................. 1/11
1.9. Unit Systems ....................................... 1/17
Summary .................................................. 1/17
References ............................................... 1/17
Problems ................................................. 1/17
2. Properties of Oil and Natural Gas ........................ 2/19
2.1. Introduction ....................................... 2/20
2.2. Properties of Oil .................................. 2/20
2.3. Properties of Natural Gas .......................... 2/21
Summary .................................................. 2/26
References ............................................... 2/26
Problems ................................................. 2/26
3. Reservoir Deliverability ................................. 3/29
3.1. Introduction ....................................... 3/30
3.2. Flow Regimes ....................................... 3/30
3.3. Inflow Performance Relationship .................... 3/32
3.4. Construction of IPR Curves Using Test Points ....... 3/35
3.5. Composite IPR of Stratified Reservoirs ............. 3/37
3.6. Future IPR ......................................... 3/39
Summary .................................................. 3/42
References ............................................... 3/42
Problems ................................................. 3/43
4. Wellbore Performance ..................................... 4/45
4.1. Introduction ....................................... 4/46
4.2. Single-Phase Liquid Flow ........................... 4/46
4.3. Multiphase Flow in Oil Wells ....................... 4/48
4.4. Single-Phase Gas Flow .............................. 4/53
4.5. Mist Flow in Gas Wells ............................. 4/56
Summary .................................................. 4/56
References ............................................... 4/57
Problems ................................................. 4/57
5. Choke Performance ........................................ 5/59
5.1. Introduction ....................................... 5/60
5.2. Sonic and Subsonic Flow ............................ 5/60
5.3. Single-Phase Liquid Flow ........................... 5/60
5.4. Single-Phase Gas Flow .............................. 5/60
5.5. Multiphase Flow .................................... 5/63
Summary .................................................. 5/66
References ............................................... 5/66
Problems ................................................. 5/66
6. Well Deliverability ...................................... 6/69
6.1. Introduction ....................................... 6/70
6.2. Nodal Analysis ..................................... 6/70
6.3 Deliverability of Multilateral Well ............... 6/79
Summary .................................................. 6/84
References ............................................... 6/85
Problems ................................................. 6/85
7. Forecast of Well Production .............................. 7/87
7.1 Introduction ..................................... 7/88
7.2. Oil Production during Transient Flow Period ........ 7/88
7.3. Oil Production during Pseudo-Steady Flow Period .... 7/88
7.4. Gas Production during Transient Flow Period ........ 7/92
7.5. Gas Production during Pseudo-Steady Flow Period .... 7/92
Summary .................................................. 7/94
References ............................................... 7/94
Problems ................................................. 7/95
8. Production Decline Analysis .............................. 8/97
8.1. Introduction ....................................... 8/98
8.2. Exponential Decline ................................ 8/98
8.3. Harmonic Decline .................................. 8/100
8.4. Hyperbolic Decline ................................ 8/100
8.5. Model Identification .............................. 8/100
8.6. Determination of Model Parameters ................. 8/101
8.7. Illustrative Examples ............................. 8/104
Summary ................................................. 8/104
References .............................................. 8/104
Problems ................................................ 8/104
PART II. EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND SELECTION
9. Well Tubing ............................................. 9/109
9.1. Introduction ...................................... 9/110
9.2. Strength of Tubing ................................ 9/110
9.3. Tubing Design ..................................... 9/111
Summary ................................................. 9/114
References .............................................. 9/114
Problems ................................................ 9/114
10. Separation Systems ..................................... 10/117
10.1. Introduction .................................... 10/117
10.2. Separation System ............................... 10/118
10.3. Dehydration System .............................. 10/125
Summary ................................................ 10/132
References ............................................. 10/132
Problems ............................................... 10/132
11. Transportation Systems ................................. 11/133
11.1. Introduction ..................................... 11/134
11.2. Pumps ............................................ 11/134
11.3. Compressors ...................................... 11/136
11.4. Pipelines ........................................ 11/143
Summary ................................................ 11/156
References ............................................. 11/157
Problems ............................................... 11/157
PART III. ARTIFICIAL LIFT METHODS
12. Sucker Rod Pumping ..................................... 12/161
12.1. Introduction ..................................... 12/162
12.2. Pumping System ................................... 12/162
12.3. Polished Rod Motion .............................. 12/165
12.4. Load to the Pumping Unit ......................... 12/168
12.5. Pump Deliverability and Power Requirements ....... 12/170
12.6. Procedure for Pumping Unit Selection ............. 12/172
12.7. Principles of Pump Performance Analysis .......... 12/174
Summary ................................................ 12/179
References ............................................. 12/179
Problems ............................................... 12/179
13. Gas Lift ............................................... 13/181
13.1. Introduction ..................................... 13/182
13.2. Gas Lift System .................................. 13/182
13.3. Evaluation of Gas Lift Potential ................. 13/183
13.4. Gas Lift Gas Compression Requirements ............ 13/185
13.5. Selection of Gas Lift Valves ..................... 13/192
13.6. Special Issues in Intermittent-Flow Gas Lift ..... 13/201
13.7. Design of Gas Lift Installations ................. 13/203
Summary ................................................ 13/205
References ............................................. 13/205
Problems ............................................... 13/205
14. Other Artificial Lift Methods .......................... 14/207
14.1. Introduction ..................................... 14/208
14.2. Electrical Submersible Pump ...................... 14/208
14.3. Hydraulic Piston Pumping ......................... 14/211
14.4. Progressive Cavity Pumping ....................... 14/213
14.5. Plunger Lift ..................................... 14/215
14.6. Hydraulic Jet Pumping ............................ 14/220
Summary ................................................ 14/222
References ............................................. 14/223
Problems ............................................... 14/223
PART IV. PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENT
15. Well Problem Identification ............................ 15/227
15.1. Introduction ..................................... 15/228
15.2. Low Productivity ................................. 15/228
15.3. Excessive Gas Production ......................... 15/231
15.4. Excessive Water Production ....................... 15/231
15.5. Liquid Loading of Gas Wells ...................... 15/231
Summary ................................................ 15/241
References ............................................. 15/241
Problems ............................................... 15/242
16. Matrix Acidizing ....................................... 16/243
16.1. Introduction .................................... 16/244
16.2. Acid-Rock Interaction ........................... 16/244
16.3. Sandstone Acidizing Design ...................... 16/244
16.4. Carbonate Acidizing Design ...................... 16/247
Summary ................................................ 16/248
References ............................................. 16/248
Problems ............................................... 16/249
17. Hydraulic Fracturing ................................... 17/251
17.1. Introduction ..................................... 17/252
17.2. Formation Fracturing Pressure .................... 17/252
17.3. Fracture Geometry ................................ 17/254
17.4. Productivity of Fractured Wells .................. 17/256
17.5. Hydraulic Fracturing Design ...................... 17/258
17.6. Post-Frac Evaluation ............................. 17/262
Summary ................................................ 17/264
References ............................................. 17/264
Problems ............................................... 17/265
18. Production Optimization ................................ 18/267
18.1. Introduction ..................................... 18/268
18.2. Naturally Flowing Well ........................... 18/268
18.3. Gas-Lifted Well .................................. 18/268
18.4. Sucker Rod-Pumped Well ........................... 18/269
18.5. Separator ........................................ 18/270
18.6. Pipeline Network ................................. 18/272
18.7. Gas-Lift Facility ................................ 18/275
18.8. Oil and Gas Production Fields .................... 18/276
18.9. Discounted Revenue ............................... 18/279
Summary ................................................ 18/279
References ............................................. 18/279
Problems ............................................... 18/280
Appendix A. Unit Conversion Factors ........................... 282
Appendix B. The Minimum Performance Properties of
API Tubing ........................................ 283
Index ......................................................... 285
| 
