1. Introduction ................................................ 12
1.1. The Mordvins and the Mordvin languages ................. 12
1.2. The aims of the study .................................. 14
1.3. The study material ..................................... 17
1.4. Methodological remarks ................................. 19
1.5. The organisation of the study .......................... 21
2. Predication of stative relations ............................ 22
2.1. Defining types of expression ........................... 22
2.2. The predicational strategies of stative relation
predication ............................................ 26
2.3. Realisation of stative relation clauses in the
Mordvin languages ...................................... 30
2.3.1. Proper inclusion, equation and attribution ...... 30
2.3.2. Location ........................................ 41
2.3.3. Existence ....................................... 44
2.3.4. Possession ...................................... 52
2.3.5. Other types of stative relation clauses ......... 61
2.3.6. Remarks on the nominal conjugation .............. 65
2.3.7. Conclusion ...................................... 73
3. Negation .................................................... 76
3.1. Semantic, pragmatic and syntactic features of
negation ............................................... 76
3.1.1. Negation vs affirmation ......................... 77
3.1.2. The scope of negation ........................... 79
3.2. Structural characteristics of negation ................. 82
3.2.1. The markers of negation ......................... 83
3.2.2. The negative construction ....................... 87
3.3. Negation of stative relation clauses ................... 88
4. The Mordvin negative markers and their origin ............... 95
4.1. Negative constructions in Proto-Uralic vs negation
in the modern Mordvin languages ........................ 95
4.2. The multi-functional negative particles E a/at M af .... 96
4.3. The present tense negative particle E avol' and
the negative auxiliaries E avol'-, M afel'- in
the conjunctive and desiderative moods ................ 101
4.4. The negative existential E araś ....................... 107
4.5. The negative existential M aš/ajaš .................... 110
4.6. The past tense negative auxiliaries E eś-/eź-,
M sź-/iź- ............................................. 114
4.7. The imperative/optative negative auxiliaries
E il'a-, M t'a- ....................................... 117
4.8. The negative particle E, M apak of participles and
gerunds ............................................... 119
4.9. The negative suffix M -ft'äŕa-/-ft'äŕä- of the
conditional and conditional-conjunctive moods ......... 122
5. Formation of negative stative relation clauses in
the mordvin languages ...................................... 124
5.1. Clauses of proper inclusion, equation and
attribution ........................................... 125
5.1.1. Clauses with nominal and adjectival
predicates ..................................... 125
5.1.1.1. The negative markers .................. 125
5.1.1.2. Clause structure ...................... 134
5.1.2. Clauses with participial predicates ............ 147
5.1.2.1. The negative markers .................. 147
5.1.2.2. Clause structure ...................... 152
5.2. Locative clauses ...................................... 163
5.2.1. The negative markers ........................... 163
5.2.2. Clause structure ............................... 180
5.3. Existential clauses ................................... 188
5.3.1. The negative markers ........................... 189
5.3.2. Clause structure ............................... 198
5.4. Possessive clauses .................................... 207
5.4.1. 'Have'-constructions ........................... 207
5.4.1.1. The negative markers .................. 208
5.4.1.2. Clause structure ...................... 217
5.4.2. 'Belong'-constructions ......................... 228
5.4.2.1. The negative markers .................. 228
5.4.2.2. Clause structure ...................... 230
5.5. Other types of stative relation clauses ............... 236
5.6. Conclusion ............................................ 243
6. The functional development of the Mordvin negative
markers .................................................... 249
6.1. The multi-functional negative particles E a/at
M af .................................................. 249
6.2. The present tense negative particle E avol' and
the negative auxiliaries E avol'-, M afel'- in the
conjunctive and desiderative moods .................... 256
6.3. The negative existential E araś ....................... 260
6.4. The negative existential M aš/ajaš and the past
tense negative auxiliary M aš- ........................ 268
6.5. The past tense negative auxiliaries E eś-/eź-,
M eź-Iź- .............................................. 276
6.6. The imperative/optative negative auxiliaries E il'a-,
M t'a- ................................................ 279
6.7. The negative particle E, M apak of participles and
gerunds ............................................... 281
6.8. The negative suffix M -ft'äŕa-/-ft'äŕä- of the
conditional and conditional-conjunctive moods ......... 283
6.9. Conclusion ............................................ 284
7. Conclusions ................................................ 285
References ...................................................... 289
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