1. Introduction ................................................. 7
2. Literature review ............................................ 8
3. Aim ad scope of research .................................... 11
4. Materials and methods ....................................... 13
5. Site characteristics ........................................ 22
5.1. Bieszczady National Park ............................... 22
5.2. Gorce National Park .................................... 23
5.3. Tatra National Park .................................... 25
6. Results ..................................................... 27
6.1. Mortality of infested spruce trees ..................... 27
6.2. Associations of cambiophagous insects on standing
trees .................................................. 35
6.3. Captures of I. typographus beetles in pheromone
traps .................................................. 42
6.3.1. Quantitative characteristics .................... 42
6.3.2. Seasonal dynamics ............................... 43
6.3.3. Spatial patterns ................................ 52
6.4. Mortality of spruce trees and the captures of
I. typographus beetles in pheromone traps .............. 60
6.4.1. Research object level ........................... 60
6.4.2. Stand level ..................................... 61
6.5. Factors affecting the captures of I. typographus
beetles in pheromone traps ............................. 74
6.5.1. Altitude and slope exposition ................... 74
6.5.2. Stand characteristics ........................... 84
6.6. Pheromone traps as an intervention into the
ecosystems under nature protection ..................... 91
6.6.1. Impact of pheromone traps on the mortality of
spruce trees .................................... 91
6.6.2. Impact of pheromone traps on the entomofauna .... 92
7. Summary and discussion ..................................... 103
8. Conclusions ................................................ 115
English summary ............................................... 117
Literature .................................................... 119
| 
