Koike S.T. Vegetable diseases: a color handbook / Koike S.T., Gladders P., Paulus A.O. - Burlington, MA : Academic Press, 2007. - 448 p. - ISBN 1840760753  Место хранения:   030 | Центральный Сибирский ботанический сад СО РАН | Новосибирск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

Preface ......................................................... 8 Acknowledgements ................................................ 9 PART 1 Introduction to vegetable crops and diseases VEGETABLE PRODUCTION The increasing importance of vegetables ........................ 12 Vegetable commodities .......................................... 13 Technological advances ......................................... 14 Challenges in vegetable production ............................. 15 The challenge of vegetable diseases ............................ 16 CAUSES OF DISEASE Diseases caused by biotic agents ............................... 18 Bacteria ....................................................... 18 Viruses ........................................................ 20 Fungi .......................................................... 22 Fungus-like pathogens .......................................... 24 Disorders caused by abiotic factors and physiological conditions ..................................................... 24 DIAGNOSING DISEASE The importance of timely, accurate diagnoses ................... 31 Overall strategy ............................................... 31 Asking the right questions ..................................... 31 Questions about the healthy plant .............................. 32 Questions about the unhealthy plant ............................ 32 Questions about possible agents and factors .................... 33 Questions about the surrounding environment, growing conditions, production practices ............................... 33 Conducting the examination ..................................... 35 Incorporating laboratory tests ................................. 35 Diagnosing virus diseases ...................................... 36 Digitally assisted diagnosis ................................... 36 Compiling information and drawing a conclusion ................. 36 CONTROLLING DISEASE Criteria for commercial control of vegetable diseases .......... 38 Disease control options ........................................ 38 Other aspects of disease management ............................ 49 PART 2 Diseases of vegetable crops ALLIACEAE (onion family) Bacterial diseases Pseudomonas syringae pv. porri Bacterial blight ............................................ 54 Fungal diseases Alternaria porri, Stemphylium vesicarium Purple blotch ............................................... 56 Aspergillus niger Black mold .................................................. 58 Botryotinia squamosa Botrytis leaf blight, Botrytis blast ........................ 59 Botrytis allii Neck rot .................................................... 61 Fusarium culmorum, F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum Fusarium basal plate rot .................................... 63 Mycosphaerella allii, M. allii-cepae Cladosporium leaf blotch .................................... 64 Penicillium hirsutum Penicillium mold, blue mold ................................. 66 Peronospora destructor Downy mildew ................................................ 67 Phoma terrestris Pink root ................................................... 69 Phytophthora porri White tip ................................................... 70 Puccinia allii Rust ........................................................ 72 Sclerotium cepivorum White rot ................................................... 74 Urocystis cepulae Smut ........................................................ 77 Viral diseases Garlic yellow stripe virus, Garlic yellow streak virus, Leek yellow stripe virus, Garlic mosaic ............................................... 78 Onion yellow dwarf virus Onion yellow dwarf .......................................... 79 APIACEAE (parsley family) Аpium graveolens (celery) Bacterial diseases Aster yellows phytoplasma Aster yellows ............................................... 80 Pseudomonas syringae pv. apii Bacterial leaf spot ......................................... 82 Fungal diseases Cercospora apii Early blight ................................................ 83 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii Fusarium yellows ............................................ 85 Phoma apiicola Phoma crown and root rot .................................... 86 Pythium spp. Damping-off, Pythium root rot ............................... 87 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Pink rot .................................................... 88 Septoria apiicola Late blight ................................................. 90 Thanatephorus cucumeris Crater spot ................................................. 91 Viral diseases Celery mosaic virus Celery mosaic ............................................... 92 Cucumber mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic ............................................. 93 Abiotic disorders Blackheart .................................................. 94 DAUCUS CFROTA(carrot) Bacterial diseases Xanthomonas campestrsi pv. carotae Bacterial leaf blight ....................................... 95 Fungal diseases Alternaria dauci Alternaria leaf blight ...................................... 96 Alternaria radicina Black rot ................................................... 98 Athelia arachnoidea Crater rot ................................................. 100 Athelia rolfsii Southern blight ............................................ 101 Cercospora carotae Cercospora leaf blight ..................................... 102 Erysiphe heraclei, Leveillula spp. Powdery mildew ............................................. 103 Helicobasidium brebissonii Violet root rot ............................................ 105 Mycocentrospora acerina Licorice rot ............................................... 107 Pythium violae, P. sulcatum Cavity spot ................................................ 108 Sclerotinia minor, S. sclerotiorum White mold, cottony rot,watery soft rot .................... 111 Streptomyces scabies Scab ....................................................... 112 Thanatephorus cucumeris Crown and root rot ......................................... 113 Thielaviopsis basicola, Chalaropsis thielaviodes Black mold ................................................. 114 Uromyces graminis, U. lineolatus Rust ....................................................... 115 Viral diseases Carrot red leaf virus, Carrot mottle virus Carrot motley dwarf ........................................ 116 PASTINACA SATIVA(parsnip) Fungal diseases Erysiphe heraclei Powdery mildew ............................................. 118 Itersonilia perplexans, I. pastinaceae Itersonilia canker, black canker ........................... 118 Phloeospora heraclei Phloeospora leaf spot ...................................... 120 Phoma complanata Phoma canker ............................................... 121 Plasmopara umbelliferarum Downy mildew .............................................. 122 Ramularia pastinacae Ramularia leaf spot ........................................ 123 Viral diseases Parsnip yellow fleck virus Parsnip yellow fleck ....................................... 124 PETROSELINUM CRISPUM (parsley) Fungal diseases Erysiphe heraclei, Leveillula lanuginosa Powdery mildew ............................................. 126 Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp. Root rot ................................................... 126 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum White mold ................................................. 127 Septoria petroselini Septoria blight ............................................ 128 ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS (Asparagus) Fungal diseases Cercospora asparagi Cercospora blight .......................................... 129 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi, F. proliferatum Fusarium crown and root rot ................................ 130 Helicobasidium brebissonii, Zopfia rhizophila Root rots .................................................. 132 Phytophthora megasperma, Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora spear and crown rot ........................... 133 Pleospora herbarum Purple spot ................................................ 134 Puccinia asparagi Rust ....................................................... 135 Viral diseases Asparagus virus 1, 2,3, Tobacco streak virus ....................................... 137 BETA VULGARIS (beet) Fungal diseases Aphanomyces cochlioides Damping-off, black root rot ................................ 138 Cercospora beticola Cercospora leaf spot ....................................... 140 Erysiphe betae Powdery mildew ............................................. 141 Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae Downy mildew ............................................... 142 Pleospora bjoerlingii Black leg .................................................. 143 Ramularia beticola Ramularia leaf spot ........................................ 145 Streptomyces spp. Scab ....................................................... 146 Uromyces betae Rust ....................................................... 147 Viral diseases Beet curly top virus Beet curly top ............................................. 148 Beet leaf curl virus Beet leaf curl ............................................. 149 Beet mild yellowing virus Beet mild yellowing ........................................ 150 Beet mosaic virus Beet mosaic ................................................ 151 Beet necrotic yellow vein virus Beet necrotic yellow vein, Rhizomania ................................................. 151 Beet pseudo-yellows virus Beet pseudo-yellows ........................................ 152 Beet western yellows virus Beet western yellows ....................................... 153 Beet yellows virus Beet yellows ............................................... 154 BRASSICACEAE (mustard family) Bacterial diseases Erwinia spp., Pseudomonas spp. Bacterial head/spear rot of broccoli ................................................ 155 Pseudomonas syringae pv. alisalensis Bacterial blight ........................................... 157 Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola Bacterial leaf spot ........................................ 158 Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris Black rot .................................................. 159 Fungal diseases Albugo Candida White rust, white blister .................................. 162 Alternaria brassicae, A. brassicicola Alternaria leaf spot/head rot, dark leaf spot .............. 164 Botrytis cinerea Gray mold .................................................. 167 Erysiphe cruciferarum Powdery mildew ............................................. 168 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans, F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani Fusarium wilt, Fusarium yellows ............................ 169 Leptosphaeria maculans, L. biglobosa Black leg, Phoma leaf spot and canker ...................... 171 Mycosphaerella brassicicola Ring spot .................................................. 174 Mycosphaerella capsellae White leaf spot ............................................ 176 Peronospora parasitica Downy mildew ............................................... 178 Plasmodiophora brassicae Clubroot ................................................... 181 Phytophthora brassicae Phytophthora storage rot ................................... 186 Phytophthora megasperma Phytophthora root rot ...................................... 184 Pyrenopeziza brassicae Light leaf spot ............................................ 185 Sclerotinia minor, S. sclerotiorum White mold, Sclerotinia stem rot, watery soft rot .......... 189 Thanatephorus cucumeris Rhizoctonia diseases: damping-off, wirestem, bottom/root rot ............................................ 191 Verticillium dahliae, V. longisporum Verticillium wilt .......................................... 196 Viral diseases Beet western yellows virus Beet western yellows ....................................... 194 Cauliflower mosaic virus Cauliflower mosaic ......................................... 197 Turnip mosaic virus Turnip mosaic .............................................. 198 CAPSICUM (pepper) Bacterial diseases Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Bacterial spot ............................................. 199 Fungal diseases Athelia rolfsii Southern blight ............................................ 201 Botrytis cinerea Gray mold .................................................. 202 Colletotrichum capsici, C. coccodes, C. gloeosporioides Anthracnose ................................................ 204 Leveillula taurica Powdery mildew ............................................. 205 Phytophthora capsici, P. nicotianae var. parasitica Phytophthora blight/root and crown rots .................... 206 Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solatti Damping-off, Pythium root rot .............................. 208 Sclerotinia minor, S. sclerotiorum White mold, Sclerotinia rot ................................ 210 Stemphylium solani, S. lycopersici Gray leaf spot ............................................. 211 Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt .......................................... 212 Viral diseases Beet curly top virus Beet curly top ............................................. 214 Cucumber mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic ............................................ 218 Pepper mild mottle virus Pepper mild mottle ......................................... 219 Potato virus Y Potato virus Y ............................................. 215 Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus Sinaloa tomato leaf curl ................................... 217 Tobacco etch virus Tobacco etch ............................................... 217 Tobacco mosaic virus, Tomato mosaic viruses Tobacco mosaic, tomato mosaic .............................. 218 Tomato spotted wilt virus Tomato spotted wilt ........................................ 218 CUCURBITACEAE (gourd family) Bacterial diseases Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli Bacterial fruit blotch ..................................... 220 Erwinia tracheiphila Bacterial wilt ............................................. 222 Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans Angular leaf spot .......................................... 224 Serratia marcescens Cucurbit yellow vine disease ............................... 225 Fungal diseases Acremonium cucurbitacearum, Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizopycnis vagum Damping-off, root rots ..................................... 226 Cladosporium cucumerinum Scab ....................................................... 228 Didymella bryoniae Gummy stem blight, black rot ............................... 230 Erysiphe cichoracearum, Sphaerotheca fuliginea, Leveillula taurica Powdery mildew ............................................. 232 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, f. sp. melonis, f. sp. niveum, f. sp. radicis-cucumerinum Fusarium wilt, Fusarium root/stem rot ...................... 234 Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae Fusarium crown and foot rot ................................ 236 Glomerella lagenarium Anthracnose ................................................ 238 Macrophomina phaseolina Charcoal rot ............................................... 240 Monosporascus cannonballus Monosporascus root rot and vine decline .................... 241 Phytophthora capsici Phytophthora crown and root rot ............................ 243 Pseudoperonospora cubensis Downy mildew ............................................... 244 Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt .......................................... 246 Viral diseases Cucumber mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic ............................................ 247 Papaya ringspot virus type W Papaya ringspot ............................................ 248 Squash leaf curl virus Squash leaf curl ........................................... 248 Squash mosaic virus Squash mosaic .............................................. 249 Tobacco ringspot virus Tobacco ringspot ........................................... 249 Watermelon mosaic virus Watermelon mosaic virus .................................... 250 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Zucchini yellow mosaic ..................................... 250 FABACEAE (pea family) Phaseolus species (beans) Bacterial diseases Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola Halo blight ................................................ 252 Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli Common bacterial blight .................................... 254 Fungal diseases Aphanomyces euteiches, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella, Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola Root/foot rot complex ...................................... 256 Botrytis cinerea Gray mold .................................................. 258 Erysiphe polygoni Powdery mildew ............................................. 259 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli Fusarium wilt, Fusarium yellows ............................ 260 Glomerella lindemuthiana Anthracnose ................................................ 260 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum, S. minor White mold, Sclerotinia rot ................................ 262 Uromyces appendiculatus Rust ....................................................... 265 Viral diseases Bean common mosaic virus Bean common mosaic ......................................... 267 Bean yellow mosaic virus Bean yellow mosaic ......................................... 268 PISUM SATIVUM (pea) Bacterial diseases Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi Bacterial blight ........................................... 269 Fungal diseases Aphanomyces euteiches Aphanomyces root rot, common root rot ...................... 270 Aphanomyces euteiches, Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi, Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella, Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola Foot rot complex ........................................... 272 Ascochyta pisi Leaf and pod spot .......................................... 274 Botrytis cinerea Gray mold .................................................. 275 Erysiphe pisi Powdery mildew ............................................. 276 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi Fusarium wilt .............................................. 277 Mycosphaerella pinodes Ascochyta blight ........................................... 278 Peronospora viciae Downy mildew ............................................... 280 Pythium spp. Pythium root rot, damping off ................................. 282 Sclerotinia minor, S. sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorwn White mold, Sclerotinia rot ................................ 283 Viral diseases Bean leaf roll virus Bean leaf roll ............................................. 283 Pea early browning virus Pea early browning ......................................... 284 Pea enation mosaic virus Pea enation mosaic ......................................... 285 Pea seedborne mosaic virus Pea seedborne mosaic ....................................... 286 Pea streak virus Pea streak ................................................. 286 VICIA FABA (broad bean) Fungal diseases Aphanomyces euteiches, Fusarium spp., Pythium spp., Phytophthora megasperma, Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium and other root rots ............................... 287 Botrytis fabae, B. cinerea Chocolate spot ............................................. 288 Didymella fabae Leaf and pod spot .......................................... 290 Peronospora viciae Downy mildew ............................................... 291 Sclerotinia minor, S. sclerotiorum, S. trifoliorum White mold, Sclerotinia rot ................................ 292 Uromyces vicia-fabae Rust ....................................................... 293 Viral diseases Broad bean stain virus, Broad bean true mosaic virus Broad bean stain, broad bean true mosaic ................... 295 LACTUCA SATIVA (lettuce) Bacterial diseases Aster yellows phytoplasma Aster yellows .............................................. 296 Pseudomonas cichorii Varnish spot ............................................... 298 Rhizomonas suberifaciens Corky root ................................................. 299 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians Bacterial leaf spot ........................................ 301 Fungal diseases Bremia lactucae Downy mildew ............................................... 302 Botrytis cinerea Gray mold .................................................. 304 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae Fusarium wilt .............................................. 306 Golovinomyces cichoracearum Powdery mildew ............................................. 307 Microdocium panattonianum Anthracnose, ring spot ..................................... 308 Phoma exigua Phoma basal rot ............................................ 310 Rhizoctonia solani Bottom rot ................................................. 311 Sclerotinia minor, S. sclerotiorum Lettuce drop ............................................... 313 Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt .......................................... 315 Viral diseases Beet western yellows virus Beet western yellows ....................................... 317 Lettuce mosaic virus Lettuce mosaic ............................................. 318 Lettuce necrotic stunt virus Lettuce dieback ............................................... 320 Mirafiori lettuce virus Lettuce big vein ........................................... 321 Tomato spotted wilt virus Tomato spotted wilt ........................................ 323 Turnip mosaic virus Turnip mosaic .............................................. 324 Abiotic disorders Ammonium toxicity .......................................... 325 Tipburn .................................................... 326 SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM (tomato) Bacterial diseases Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Bacterial canker ........................................... 327 Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Bacterial speck ............................................ 330 Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Bacterial spot ............................................. 332 Pseudomonas corrugata Tomato pith necrosis ....................................... 334 Fungal diseases Altemaria alternata Blackmold .................................................. 336 Altemaria alternata f. sp. lycopersid Altemaria stem canker ...................................... 337 Altemaria solani Early blight ............................................... 338 Athelia rolfsii Southern blight ............................................ 340 Botrytis cinerea Gray mold .................................................. 341 Colletotrichum coccodes, C. gloeosporioides, С dematium Anthracnose ................................................ 343 Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersid Fusarium wilt .............................................. 344 Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. radicis-lycopersici Fusarium crown and root rot ................................ 346 Leveillula taurica, Oidium lycopersid, O. neolycopersici Powdery mildew ............................................. 348 Phytophthora capsici, P. cryptogea, P. drechsleri, P. parasitica Phytophthora root rot ...................................... 350 Phytophthora infestans Late blight ................................................ 352 Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani Damping-off, fruit rots .................................... 355 Pyrenochaeta lycopersid Corky root rot ............................................. 356 Sclerotinia minor, S. sclerotiorum White mold, Sclerotinia rot ................................ 358 Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt .......................................... 360 Viral diseases Alfalfa mosaic virus Alfalfa mosaic ............................................. 361 Beet curly top virus Beet curly top ............................................. 362 Cucumber mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic ............................................ 363 Potato virus Y Potato virus Y ............................................. 363 Tobacco mosaic virus,Tomato mosaic virus Tobacco mosaic, tomato mosaic ................................. 364 Tomato spotted wilt virus Tomato spotted wilt ........................................ 364 Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Tomato yellow leaf curl .................................... 366 Abiotic disorders Blossom end rot ............................................ 367 SPINACIA OLERACEA (spinach) Bacterial diseases Pseudomonas syringae pv. spinacia Bacterial leaf spot ........................................ 368 Fungal diseases Albugo occidentalis White rust ................................................. 369 Aphanomyces cochlioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, Rhizoctonia solani Damping-off, root rots ..................................... 370 Cladosporium variabile Cladosporium leaf spot ..................................... 371 Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. spinadae Anthracnose ................................................ 373 Fusarium oxysporum I. sp. spinadae Fusarium wilt .............................................. 374 Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinadae Downy mildew, blue mold .................................... 375 Stemphylium botryosum Stemphylium leaf spot ...................................... 376 Verticillium dahliae Verticillium wilt .......................................... 378 Viral diseases Beet curly top virus Beet curly top ............................................. 379 Beet western yellows virus Beet western yellows ....................................... 380 Cucumber mosaic virus Cucumber mosaic ............................................ 381 SPECIALTY AND HERB CROPS Amoracia rusticana Horseradish ................................................ 383 Anethum graveolens Dill ....................................................... 385 Anthriscus cerefolium Chervil .................................................... 385 Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla Swiss chard ................................................ 386 Brassica rapa subsp. rapa Broccoli raab .............................................. 389 Brassica spp. Mustards ................................................... 390 Cichorium endivia, C. intybus Endive/escarole, radicchio ................................. 391 Coriandrum sativum Cilantro ................................................... 396 Cymbopogon citratus Lemongrass ................................................. 397 Cynara scolymus Artichoke .................................................. 398 Eruca sativa Arugula .................................................... 404 Foeniculum vulgare dulce Fennel ..................................................... 406 Helianthus tuberosus Jerusalem artichoke ........................................ 407 Mentha spp. Mint ....................................................... 409 Nepeta cataria Catnip ..................................................... 410 Ocimum basilicum Basil ...................................................... 411 Origanum majorana, O. vulgare Marjoram, oregano .......................................... 413 Physalis ixocarpa Tomatillo .................................................. 413 Rheum rhubarbarum Rhubarb .................................................... 414 Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Watercress ................................................. 416 Salvia officinalis Sage ....................................................... 418 Tragopogon porrifolius, Scorzonera hispanica Salsify, scorzonera ........................................ 419 Valerianella locusta, V. olitoria Corn salad ................................................. 420 Zea mays var. saccharata Sweetcorn .................................................. 421 Glossary ...................................................... 422 Index ......................................................... 437