Functional nanostructures (В., 2007). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаFunctional nanostructures. Processing, characterization, and applications / ed. by Seal S. - В.: Springer, 2008. - 591 p. - (Nanosrtucture science and technology). - ISBN 978-0-387-35463-7
 

Оглавление / Contents
 
Preface ...................................................... xiii

1. Advanced Ceramics and Nanocomposites of Half-metallic
   Ferromagnetic CrO2 for Magnetic, GMR and Optical Sensors ..... 1

   S. Ram, S. Biswas, and H. J-Fecht

   1. Introduction .............................................. 1
      1.1. Definition of Half-metals and Half-metallic
           Compounds ............................................ 1
      1.2. Spin Polarization .................................... 5
   2. Chromium Dioxide Ceramics and Nanocomposites .............. 6
      2.1. Crystal Structure .................................... 6
      2.2. Methods of Synthesis ................................. 7
   3. Stability and Controlled Transformation—in
      Phase-stabilized Particles ............................... 21
   4. Electronic Band Structure ................................ 24
   5. Electronic Properties .................................... 27
      5.1. Dielectric Properties ............................... 27
      5.2. Electrical Properties ............................... 30
   6. Magnetic Properties ...................................... 37
   7. GMR Properties ........................................... 42
   8. Optical Properties ....................................... 48
   9. Applications ............................................. 52
   10. Toxicities and Hazards .................................. 52
   Acknowledgment .............................................. 53
   References .................................................. 53
   Questions ................................................... 63


2. Functional Nanostructured Thin Films ........................ 65

   Hare Krishna and Ramki Kalyanaraman

   1. Introduction ............................................. 65
      1.1. Fabricating Nanostructured Surfaces ................. 67
      1.2. Self-assembly of Nanostructures by Film Nucleation
           and Growth .......................................... 69
      1.3. Self-assembly by Ion Irradiation .................... 77
      1.4. Characterization .................................... 81
      1.5. Applications ........................................ 93
      1.6. Conclusion ......................................... 100
   Acknowledgment ............................................. 101
   References ................................................. 101
   Questions .................................................. 106


3. MEMS for Nanotechnology: Top-down Perspective .............. 107

   Ghanashyam Londe, Arum Han, Hyoung J. Cho

   1. Introduction ............................................ 107
   2. Micromachining Techniques ............................... 108
      2.1. Photolithography ................................... 108
      2.2. Bulk Micromachining ................................ 110
      2.3. Surface Micromachining ............................. 113
      2.4. Combined Method .................................... 115
   3. Nanofabrication ......................................... 117
      3.1. Electron Beam Lithography (EBL) .................... 119
      3.2. Scanning Probe Lithography (SPL) ................... 124
      3.3. Soft Lithography ................................... 126
      3.4. Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL) ...................... 128
   4. Integration and Interface ............................... 131
      4.1. Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Manipulation—with
           Microelectrode ..................................... 131
      4.2. Nanoparticle Interface with Microelectrode ......... 132
   5. Applications ............................................ 134
      5.1. Nanobeam ........................................... 134
      5.2. Nanoprobe .......................................... 138
      5.3. Nanopore and Nanograp .............................. 141
      5.4. Channel and Needle ................................. 143
      5.5. Nanowire and Nanotube .............................. 147
      5.6. Nanocrystal and Nanocrescent ....................... 154
      5.7. Tools for Nanoscale Manipulation ................... 155
   6. Conclusion .............................................. 158
   Acknowledgment ............................................. 160
   References ................................................. 160
   Questions .................................................. 167


4. Nanostructured Biomaterials ................................ 168

   Samar J. Kalita

   1. Introduction ............................................ 168
      1.1. Biocompatibility and Types of Tissue Responses ..... 172
   2. Classification .......................................... 173
      2.1. Metallic Biomaterials .............................. 173
      2.2. Ceramic Biomaterials ............................... 181
      2.3. Polymeric Biomaterials ............................. 196
      2.4. Composite Biomaterials ............................. 202
   3. Cell Response to Nanobiomaterials and Current
      Advances ................................................ 204
   4. Summary ................................................. 208
   References ................................................. 210
   Questions .................................................. 219


5. Self-Assembly in Nanophase Separated Polymer
   and Thin Film: Supramolecular Assembly ..................... 220

   Naba K. Dutta and Namita Roy Choudhury

   1. Introduction ............................................ 220
      1.1. Self-assembly ...................................... 220
      1.2. Strategies of Self-assembling Supramolecular
           Complexes .......................................... 223
   2. Mesophase Separation in Block Co-Polymer System ......... 228
      2.1. Evolution of Supramolecular Assembly in Block
           Copolymers ......................................... 228
      2.2. Synthetic Strategy of Multiblock Copolymers ........ 240
      2.3. Nanophase Separation in Side Chain Crystalline
           Polymers ........................................... 248
   3. Self-Assembled Nanoparticle System ...................... 253
      3.1. Zero-dimensional Self-assembly ..................... 253
      3.2. Nanoparticles in Nanostructured Polymer ............ 258
      3.3. Two-dimensional Thin Film .......................... 261
      3.4. Self-assembly in Biocompatible System and
           Biomolecular Assembly .............................. 270
      3.5. Supramolecular Assembly via Hydrogen Bonding ....... 272
      3.6. Molecular Clusters ................................. 276
   4. Characterization of a Self-assembled System ............. 277
      4.1. Advanced Scattering Techniques ..................... 278
      4.2. Advanced Surface Analysis Techniques ............... 282
      4.3. MALDI-MS, TOF-SIMS ................................. 283
      4.4. Microscopic Techniques ............................. 284
      4.5. Solid-state NMR in Characterizing Self-assembled
           Nanostructures ..................................... 286
      4.6. Advanced Thermal Analysis .......................... 287
   5. Application and Future Outlook .......................... 289
   6. Acknowledgment .......................................... 291
   References ................................................. 291
   Questions .................................................. 304


6. Nanostructures: Sensor and Catalytic Properties ............ 305

   B. Roldan Cuenya, A. Kolmakov

   1. Introduction ............................................ 305
      1.1. Overview	 ...................................... 305
      1.2. Why are Nanostructures Important for Gas Sensing
           and Catalysis?
           (Structure-Sensitivity Relationship) ............... 307
      1.3. The Impact on the Fundamental Science .............. 309
   2. Phenomena at Nanoscaled Metal and Semiconducting Oxide
      Surfaces Relevant to Gas Sensing and Catalysis .......... 309
      2.1. Pristine Oxide Surfaces: Physisorption vs.
           Chemisorption ...................................... 309
      2.2. Band Bending and Charge Depletion .................. 311
      2.3. Chemisorption and Magnetization .................... 313
   3. Nanostructured Gas Sensors: Some Examples of Detection
      Principles .............................................. 315
      3.1. Two-dimensional Nanoscaled Metal/Oxide/
           Semiconductor Diodes ............................... 315
      3.2. Quasi-1D Nanostructured Oxides as a New Platform
           for Gas Sensing .................................... 323
   4. New Surface Science Trends for the Characterization of
      Nanostructures .......................................... 331
   5. Concluding Remarks ...................................... 334
   Acknowledgment ............................................. 335
   References ................................................. 335
   Questions .................................................. 344


7. Nanostructured High-Anisotropy Materials for High-Density
   Magnetic Recording ......................................... 345

   J. S. Chen, С. J. Sun, G. M. Chow

   1. Introduction ............................................ 345
   2. Definition and Characterization of Chemical Ordering
      of Lin FePt ............................................. 349
      2.1. Chemical Ordering of Ll0 FePt ...................... 349
      2.2. Characterization of Ll0 FePt Chemical Ordering ..... 351
   3. Preparation of Ll0 FePt Films and Parameters Affecting
      the Chemical Ordering ................................... 356
      3.1. Preparation of Ll0 FePt Films ...................... 356
      3.2. Effects of Temperature, Stoichiometry and Film
           Thickness on Chemical Ordering ..................... 356
      3.3. Promotion of Chemical Ordering by Doping ........... 358
      3.4. Strain- or Stress-Induced Ll0 Ordering ............. 360
      3.5. Other Approaches to Enhance Ll0 Ordering ........... 368
   4. Intrinsic Properties of the Ll0 FePt Films .............. 369
      4.1. Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy, Magnetization and
           Curie Temeperture of Ll0 FePt Films ................ 369
      4.2. Effects of Size and Interface on Coercivity and
           Magnetization Reversal ............................. 374
   5. Application of Ll0 FePt alloy thin film for
      perpendicular magnetic recording ........................ 378
      5.1. Control of FePt (001) Texture ...................... 379
      5.2. Control of Exchange Coupling and Grain Size of
           FePtFilms .......................................... 386
      5.3. Recording Performance of Ll0 FePt Perpendicular
           Media .............................................. 398
   6. Summary and Outlook ..................................... 405
   References ................................................. 405


8. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy for
   Nanocharacterization ....................................... 414

   Helge Heinrich

   1. Introduction ............................................ 414
   2. Sample Preparation ...................................... 416
      2.1. Electropolishing ................................... 418
      2.2. Ion-beam Milling ................................... 419
      2.3. The Focused Ion-beam Technique ..................... 419
      2.4. Tripod Polishing ................................... 421
      2.5. Powders and Suspensions ............................ 422
   3. Principles of Image Formation ........................... 423
      3.1. The Transmission Electron Microscope ............... 424
      3.2. The Ewald Construction and the Reciprocal Space .... 433
      3.3. Scattering Theory .................................. 452
   4. Imaging of Nanostructured Material ...................... 458
      4.1. High-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
           (HRTEM) ............................................ 458
      4.2. Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy .......... 470
      4.3. Electron Holography ................................ 477
   5. Analytical Electron Microscopy .......................... 482
      5.1. Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy .................. 485
      5.2. Energy-filtered Electron Microscopy ................ 488
      5.3. X-ray Analysis and Chemical Mapping ................ 490
   6. New Developments in Electron Microscopy ................. 493
   7. Acknowledgments ......................................... 494
   References ................................................. 494
   Questions .................................................. 500
   Solutions to Questions ..................................... 502


9. Applications of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) in the
   Field of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites .................. 504

   S. Bandyopadhyay, S. K. Samudrala, A. K. Bhowmick, and
   S. K. Gupta

   1. Introduction ............................................ 504
      1.1. Nanomaterials ...................................... 505
      1.2. Nanocomposites ..................................... 508
      1.3. Characterization Techniques ........................ 509
   2. Atomic Force Microscope Instrumentation and Setup ....... 512
      2.1. Principle of Operation ............................. 513
      2.2. Factors that Influence the Precision and Accuracy
           of AFM Imaging ..................................... 515
      2.3. Different Modes of Imaging in AFM .................. 517
      2.4. Constant Force and Constant Height Criterion ....... 520
      2.5. AFM in Nanotechnological Applications .............. 520
   3. Contributions of AFM to the Field of Nanotechnology ..... 521
      3.1. Characterization of Nanoparticles/Nanomaterials .... 521
      3.2. Characterization of Nanocomposites ................. 526
      3.3. Conductive AFM as a Means to Characterize
           Electrical Properties .............................. 538
      3.4. Characterization of Nano-Mechanical and
           Nano-Tribological Properties ....................... 540
      3.5. Nanofabrication/Nanolithography .................... 550
   4. Concluding Remarks ...................................... 557
   Acknowledgments ............................................ 557
   References ................................................. 558
   Questions .................................................. 568

Index ......................................................... 569


 
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