Springer handbook of experimental fluid mechanics with DVD-ROM / ed. by Tropea С., Yarin A.L., Foss J.F. - В.: Springer, 2007. - 1557 p. - ISBN 978-3-540-25141-5  Место хранения:   019 | Институт теплофизики им. С.С.Кутателадзе CO РАН | Новосибирск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

List of Abbreviations ......................................... XXI Nomenclature .................................................. XXV Part A Experiments in Fluid Mechanics 1 Experiment as a Boundary-Value Problem Ronald L. Panton, Saeid Kheirandish, Manfred H. Wagner ....... 3 1.1 Thermodynamic Equations .................................. 3 1.2 Kinematic Equations ...................................... 5 1.3 Balance Laws and Local Governing Equations ............... 6 1.4 Balance Laws and Global Governing Equations .............. 8 1.5 Constitutive Equations .................................. 10 1.6 Navier-Stokes Equations ................................. 11 1.7 Discontinuities in Density .............................. 11 1.8 Constitutive Equations and Nonlinear Rheology of Polymer Melts ........................................... 13 References .................................................. 30 2 Nondimensional Representation of the Boundary-Value Problem John F. Foss, Ronald L. Panton, Alexander L. Yarin .......... 33 2.1 Similitude, the Nondimensional Prototype and Model Flow Fields ............................................. 34 2.2 Dimensional Analysis and Data Organization .............. 42 2.3 Self-Similarity ......................................... 57 References .................................................. 82 Part В Measurement of Primary Quantities 3 Material Properties: Measurement and Data William A. Wakeham, Marc J. Assael, Abraham Marmur, Joël De Coninck, Terry D. Blake, Stephanus A. Theron, Eyal Zussman ................................................ 85 3.1 Density ................................................. 85 3.2 Surface Tension and Interfacial Tension of Liquids ...... 96 3.3 Contact Angle .......................................... 106 3.4 Viscosity .............................................. 119 3.5 Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity ........... 133 3.6 Diffusion .............................................. 147 3.7 Electric and Magnetic Parameters of Liquids and Gases .................................................. 158 References ................................................. 169 4 Pressure Measurement Systems Beverley J. McKeon, Rolf H. Engler ......................... 179 4.1 Measurement of Pressure with Wall Tappings ............. 180 4.2 Measurement of Pressure with Static Tubes .............. 185 4.3 Hardware and Other Considerations ...................... 187 4.4 Pressure-Sensitive Paint (PSP) ......................... 188 References ................................................. 209 5 Velocity, Vorticity, and Mach Number Beverley J. McKeon, Genevieve Comte-Bellot, John F. Foss, Jerry Westerweel, Fulvio Scarano, Cameron Tropea, James F. Meyers, Joseph W. Lee, Angela A. Cavone, Richard Schodl, Manoochehr M. Koochesfahani, Daniel G. Nocera, Yiannis Andreopoulos, Werner J.A. Dahm, John A. Mullin, James M. Wallace, Petar V. Vukoslavčević, Scott С Morris, Eric R. Pardyjak, Alvaro Cuerva ............ 215 5.1 Pressure-Based Velocity Measurements ................... 216 5.2 Thermal Anemometry ..................................... 229 5.3 Particle-Based Techniques .............................. 287 5.4 Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV) .................... 362 5.5 Vorticity .............................................. 382 5.6 Thermal Transient Anemometer (TTA) ..................... 434 5.7 Sonic Anemometry/Thermometry ........................... 436 References ................................................. 446 6 Density-Based Techniques Wolfgang Merzkirch ......................................... 473 6.1 Density, Refractive Index, and Optical Flow Visualization .......................................... 473 6.2 Shadowgraphy ........................................... 474 6.3 Schlieren Method ....................................... 476 6.4 Moiré Deflectometry .................................... 478 6.5 Interferometry ......................................... 480 6.6 Optical Tomography ..................................... 485 References ................................................. 485 7 Temperature and Heat Flux Tomasz A. Kowalewski, Phillip Ligrani, Andreas Dreizler, Christof Schulz, Uwe Fey, Yasuhiro Egami ................... 487 7.1 Thermochromic Liquid Crystals .......................... 488 7.2 Measurements of Surface Heat Transfer Characteristics Using Infrared Imaging ................................. 500 7.3 Temperature Measurement via Absorption, Light Scattering and Laser-Induced Fluorescence .............. 515 7.4 Transition Detection by Temperature-Sensitive Paint .... 537 References ................................................. 553 8 Force and Moment Measurement Klaus Hufnagel, Günter Schewe .............................. 563 8.1 Steady and Quasi-Steady Measurement .................... 564 8.2 Force and Moment Measurements in Aerodynamics and Aeroelasticity Using Piezoelectric Transducers ......... 596 References ................................................. 615 Part С Specific Experimental Environments and Techniques 9 Non-Newtonian Flows Klaas te Nijenhuis, Gareth H. McKinley, Stephen Spiegelberg, Howard A. Barnes, Nuri Aksel, Lutz Heymann, Jeffrey A. Odell ............................. 619 9.1 Viscoelastic Polymeric Fluids .......................... 619 9.2 Thixotropy, Rheopexy, Yield Stress ..................... 661 9.3 Rheology of Suspensions and Emulsions .................. 680 9.4 Entrance Correction and Extrudate Swell ................ 720 9.5 Birefringence in Non-Newtonian Flows ................... 724 References ................................................. 732 10 Measurements of Turbulent Flows Giovanni Paolo Romano, Nicholas T. Ouellette, Haitao Xu, Eberhard Bodenschatz, Victor Steinberg, Charles Meneveau, Joseph Katz ................................................ 745 10.1 Statistical Eulerian Description of Turbulent Flows ... 746 10.2 Measuring Lagrangian Statistics in Intense Turbulence ............................................ 789 10.3 Elastic Turbulence in Viscoelastic Flows .............. 799 10.4 Measurements for Large-Eddy Simulations ............... 830 References ................................................. 849 11 Flow Visualization Wolfgang Merzkirch ......................................... 857 11.1 Aims and Principles of Flow Visualization ............. 857 11.2 Visualizations of Flow Structures and Flow Direction ............................................. 859 11.3 Visualization of Free Surface Flows ................... 868 References ................................................. 869 12 Wall-Bounded Flows Joseph С. Klewicki, William S. Saric, Ivan Marusic, John K. Eaton .............................................. 871 12.1 Introductory Concepts ................................. 871 12.2 Measurement of Wall Shear Stress ...................... 875 12.3 Boundary-Layer Stability and Transition ............... 886 12.4 Measurements Considerations in Non-Canonical Flows .... 896 References ................................................. 902 13 Topological Considerations in Fluid Mechanics Measurements John F. Foss ............................................... 909 13.1 A Companion Document .................................. 909 13.2 Utilization of Topological Considerations for Flow Field Analyses ........................................ 910 References ................................................. 918 14 Flow Measurement Techniques in Turbomachinery Oğuz Uzol, Joseph Katz ..................................... 919 14.1 Background On Turbomachinery Flows .................... 919 14.2 Non-Optical Measurement Techniques .................... 921 14.3 Optical Measurement Techniques ........................ 933 14.4 Concluding Remarks .................................... 950 References ................................................. 951 15 Hydraulics Roger E.A. Arndt, Damien Kawakami, Martin Wosnik, Marc Perlin, James H. Duncan, David M. Admiraal, Marcelo H. García .......................................... 959 15.1 Measurements in Cavitating Flows ...................... 959 15.2 Wave Height and Slope ................................ 1009 15.3 Sediment Transport Measurements ...................... 1020 References ................................................ 1033 16 Aerodynamics Wolf-H. Hucho, Klaus Hannemann, Jan Martinez Schramm, Charles H.K. Williamson ................................... 1043 16.1 Ground Vehicle Aerodynamics .......................... 1043 16.2 Short-Duration Testing, of High Enthalpy, High Pressure, Hypersonic Flows ........................... 1081 16.3 Bluff Body Aerodynamics .............................. 1125 References ................................................ 1146 17 Atmospheric Measurements Harindra J.S. Fernando, Marko Princevac, Ronald J. Calhoun ......................................... 1157 17.1 Point Measurements ................................... 1159 17.2 Dispersion Measurements .............................. 1167 17.3 Remote Sensing ....................................... 1169 17.4 Satellite Measurements ............................... 1175 References ................................................ 1178 18 Oceanographic Measurements Bruce Howe, Teresa K. Chereskin ........................... 1179 18.1 Oceanography ......................................... 1179 18.2 Point Measurements ................................... 1182 18.3 Lagrangian Techniques ................................ 1188 18.4 Remote Sensing ....................................... 1192 18.5 Measurement Systems .................................. 1203 18.6 Experiment Case Studies .............................. 1208 References ................................................ 1214 19 Microfluidics: The No-Slip Boundary Condition Eric Lauga, Michael P. Brenner, Howard A. Stone ........... 1219 19.1 History of the No-Slip Condition ..................... 1220 19.2 Experimental Methods ................................. 1222 19.3 Molecular Dynamics Simulations ....................... 1226 19.4 Discussion: Dependence on Physical Parameters ........ 1228 19.5 Perspective .......................................... 1234 References ................................................ 1235 20 Combustion Diagnostics Christof Schulz, Andreas Dreizler, Volker Ebert, Jürgen Wolfrum ............................................ 1241 20.1 Basics ............................................... 1242 20.2 Laser-Based Combustion Diagnostics ................... 1243 20.3 Experimental Data Devoted to Validation of Numerical Simulations and Modeling ................... 1244 20.4 Application of Laser-Based Techniques ................ 1247 20.5 Conclusions .......................................... 1299 References ................................................ 1300 21 Electrohydrodynamic Systems Antonio Castellanos, Alberto T. Pérez ..................... 1317 21.1 Equations ............................................ 1318 21.2 Fluid Statics and Dynamics in EHD .................... 1320 21.3 Experimental Methods in EHD .......................... 1322 21.4 Conductivity ......................................... 1323 21.5 Mobility ............................................. 1327 21.6 Electric Field Measurement: Kerr Effect .............. 1328 21.7 Velocity ............................................. 1329 21.8 Visualization ........................................ 1330 References ................................................ 1331 Part D Analysis and Post-Processing of Data 22 Review of Some Fundamentals of Data Processing Holger Nobach, Cameron Tropea, Laurent Cordier, Jean-Paul Bonnet, Joël Delville, Jacques Lewalle, Marie Farge, Kai Schneider, Ronald J. Adrian .............. 1337 22.1 Fourier Transform .................................... 1337 22.2 Correlation Function ................................. 1342 22.3 Hiibert Transform .................................... 1344 22.4 Proper Orthogonal Decomposition: POD ................. 1346 22.5 Conditional Averages and Stochastic Estimation ....... 1370 22.6 Wavelet Transforms ................................... 1378 References ................................................ 1395 23 Fundamentals of Data Processing Holger Nobach, Cameron Tropea ............................. 1399 23.1 Statistical Principles ............................... 1399 23.2 Stationary Random Processes .......................... 1401 23.3 Estimator Expectation and Variance ................... 1402 23.4 Signal Noise ......................................... 1406 23.5 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) ........................ 1408 23.6 Propagation of Errors ................................ 1416 References ................................................ 1417 24 Data Acquisition by Imaging Detectors Bernd Jähne ............................................... 1419 24.1 Definitions .......................................... 1419 24.2 Types of Detectors ................................... 1420 24.3 Imaging Detectors .................................... 1421 24.4 Performance of Imaging Sensors ....................... 1426 24.5 Camera Selection ..................................... 1435 References ................................................ 1436 25 Data Analysis Bernd Jähne, Michael Klar, Markus Jehle ................... 1437 25.1 Image Processing ..................................... 1437 25.2 Motion Analysis ...................................... 1464 References ................................................ 1488 Acknowledgements ............................................. 1493 About the Authors ............................................ 1495 Detailed Contents ............................................ 1513 Subject Index ................................................ 1531