1 An Adaptable Service-based Framework for Distributed
Product Realization
Jitesh H. Panchal, Hae-Jin Choi, Janet K. Allen,
David Rosen and Farrokh Mistree .............................. 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................. 2
1.1.1 Need for an Adaptable Framework .................... 3
1.1.2 An Open Engineering Systems Approach ............... 3
1.2 Requirements and Features of an Adaptable Framework ...... 4
1.3 Review of Capabilities Provided by Existing Frameworks ... 8
1.3.1 Web-based Systems .................................. 8
1.3.2 Agent-based Systems ............................... 10
1.3.2.1 Distributed Object-based Modeling and
Evaluation (DOME) ......................... 13
1.3.2.2 NetBuilder ................................ 13
1.3.3.2 Web-DPR ................................... 14
1.3.3.3 Federated Intelligent Product
EnviRonment (FIPER) ....................... 14
1.4 Motivating Example: Design of Linear Cellular Alloys
(LCAs) .................................................. 15
1.5 X-DPR (extensible Distributed Product Realization)
Environment ............................................. 17
1.5.1 Overview of X-DPR ................................. 17
1.5.2 Elements of the Framework ......................... 18
1.5.2.1 Data Repository ........................... 20
1.5.2.2 Process Diagram Tool ...................... 21
1.5.2.3 Dynamic UI Generation ..................... 23
1.5.2.4 Interface Mapping Tool .................... 24
1.5.2.5 Messaging and Agent Description in
X-DPR ..................................... 26
1.5.2.6 Publishing a Service ...................... 26
1.5.2.7 Asset Search Service ...................... 26
1.5.3 Using the X-DPR framework for LCAs design ......... 27
1.5.4 X-DPR as an Adaptable Framework ................... 28
1.6 Conclusions ............................................. 30
1.7 Acknowledgments ......................................... 32
1.8 References .............................................. 32
2 A Web-based Intelligent Collaborative System for
Engineering Design
Xiaoqing (Frank) Liu, Samir Raorane and Ming C. Leu ......... 37
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 37
2.2 Related Work ............................................ 38
2.2.1 Current State-of-the-art on Computer-aided
Collaborative Engineering Design Systems .......... 38
2.2.2 Current State-of-the-art on Argumentation-based
Conflict Resolution ............................... 39
2.3 A Web-based Intelligent Collaborative Engineering
Design Environment and Its Application Scenarios ........ 40
2.4 Argumentation-based Conflict Resolution in the
Collaborative Engineering Design Environment ............ 40
2.4.1 Structured Argumentation Through Dialog Graph ..... 42
2.4.2 Argument Reduction Through Fuzzy Inference ........ 43
2.4.2.1 Linguistic Variable Through Fuzzy
Membership Functions ...................... 45
2.4.2.2 Fuzzy Inference Rules ..................... 46
2.4.2.3 Fuzzy System and Defuzzification .......... 47
2.4.3 Structured Argumentation Through Dialog Graph ..... 49
2.5 Design and Implementation ............................... 49
2.6 An Application Example .................................. 50
2.7 Conclusions ............................................. 56
2.8 Acknowledgements ........................................ 56
2.9 References .............................................. 57
3 A Shared VE for Collaborative Product Development in
Manufacturing Enterprises
G. Chryssolouris, M. Poppas, V. Karahatsou, D. Mavrikios
and K. Alexopoulos .......................................... 59
3.1 Introduction ............................................ 59
3.2 Background .............................................. 60
3.3 Building the Shared VE .................................. 61
3.4 Virtual Environment Functionality ....................... 63
3.4.1 Virtual Prototyping Function ...................... 63
3.4.2 Behavioral Simulation Function .................... 63
3.4.3 Assembly Support Function ......................... 64
3.4.4 Collision Detection Function ...................... 65
3.5 Pilot Application ....................................... 65
3.6 Conclusions and Future Research ......................... 67
3.7 Acknowledgements ........................................ 68
3.8 References .............................................. 68
4 A 'Plug-and-Play' Computing Environment lor an Extended
Enterprise
F. Mervyn, A. Senthil Kumar and A.Y.C. Nee .................. 71
4.1 Introduction ............................................ 71
4.2 Related Research ........................................ 72
4.3 Application Develoment Framework ........................ 75
4.3.1 Geometric Modeling Middleware Services ............ 77
4.3.1.1 Modeling Functions ........................ 77
4.3.1.2 Geometric Data XML File ................... 79
4.4.2.1 Application Relationship Manager (ARM) .... 80
4.3.2 Process Data Exchange Middleware Services ......... 83
4.3.3 Reusable Application Classes ...................... 84
4.4 Illustrative Case Study ................................. 84
4.5 Conclusions ............................................. 89
4.6 References .............................................. 90
5 Cooperative Design in Building Construction
Yuhua Luo ................................................... 93
5.1 Introduction ............................................ 93
5.2 System Architecture and Components ...................... 95
5.2.1 The Cooperative 3D Editor ......................... 96
5.2.2 The Cooperative Support Platform .................. 98
5.2.3 The Integrated Design Project Database ............ 98
5.3 Considerations and Implementation for Collaborative
Design .................................................. 99
5.3.1 Interoperative and Multi-disciplinary ............. 99
5.3.2 The On-line Cooperative Working .................. 101
5.3.3 Design Error Detection During Integration ........ 102
5.4 System Evaluation ...................................... 103
5.5 Conclusions ............................................ 106
5.6 Acknowledgements ....................................... 107
5.7 References ............................................. 107
6 A Fine-grain and Feature-oriented Product Database for
Collaborative Engineering
Y.-S. Ma, S.-H. Tang and G. Chen ........................... 109
6.1 Introduction ........................................... 109
6.2 Generic Feature Model .................................. 112
6.2.1 Feature Shape Representation ..................... 113
6.2.2 Constraint Definition ............................ 113
6.2.3 Other Feature Properties ......................... 114
6.2.4 Member Functions ................................. 115
6.2.5 Application-specific Feature Model ............... 116
6.3 Mapping Mechanisms ..................................... 116
6.3.1 Mapping from Extended EXPRESS Model to ACIS
Workform Format .................................. 117
6.3.1.1 Geometry Mapping ......................... 117
6.3.1.2 Generic Feature Definition Under ACIS
Framework ................................ 118
6.3.2 Database Representation Schema ................... 119
6.4 The Integration of Solid Modeler and Database .......... 119
6.4.1 Feature Model Re-evaluation and Constraint
Solving .......................................... 120
6.4.2 Save Algorithm ................................... 121
6.4.3 Restore Algorithm ................................ 122
6.5 Feature Model Re-evaluation ............................ 122
6.5.1 Problems of Historical-dependent System .......... 122
6.5.2 Dynamically Maintaining Feature Precedence
Order ............................................ 124
6.5.3 History-independent Feature Model
Re-evaluation .................................... 125
6.5.3.1 Adding a New Feature Instance ............ 125
6.5.3.2 Deleting a Feature Instance .............. 126
6.5.3.3 Modifying a Feature Instance ............. 130
6.5.3.4 B-rep Evaluation ......................... 130
6.6 A Case Study ........................................... 130
6.7 Conclusions ............................................ 133
6.8 Acknowledgements ....................................... 134
6.9 References ............................................. 134
7 A Web-based Framework for Distributed and Collaborative
Manufacturing
M. Mahesh, S.K. Ong and A.Y.C. Nee ......................... 137
7.1 Introduction ........................................... 137
7.2 Distributed and Collaborative Manufacturing ............ 139
7.3 Proposed Framework and Implementation .................. 140
7.4 A Case Study ........................................... 142
7.5 Conclusions ............................................ 148
7.6 References ............................................. 148
8 Wise-ShopFIoor: A Portal toward Collaborative Manufacturing
Lihui Wang ................................................. 151
8.1 Introduction ........................................... 151
8.2 Enabling Technologies .................................. 152
8.3 Wise-ShopFIoor Framework ............................... 153
8.4 Adaptive Process Planning and Scheduling ............... 155
8.4.1 Architecture Design .............................. 155
8.4.2 Machining Process Sequencing ..................... 156
8.4.3 Function Block Design And Utilization ............ 158
8.4.4 Shop Floor Integration ........................... 163
8.5 Web-based Real-time Monitoring and Control ............. 164
8.5.1 System Configuration ............................. 164
8.5.2 Sensor Data Collection for Real-Time
Monitoring ....................................... 165
8.5.3 Data Packet Formal ............................... 167
8.5.4 Java 3D Enabled Visualization .................... 167
8.5.5 Web-based Remote CNC Control ..................... 169
8.6 A Case Study ........................................... 169
8.7 Conclusions ............................................ 172
8.8 Acronyms ............................................... 173
8.9 References ............................................. 174
9 Real Time Distributed Shop Floor Scheduling:
An Agent-Based Service-Oriented Framework
Chun Wang, Kewei Li, Hamada Ghenniwa, Weiming Shen and
Ying Wang .................................................. 175
9.1 Introduction ........................................... 175
9.2 Scheduling Problems in Multiple Workcell Shop Floor .... 176
9.2.1 Workcell Scheduling Problem ...................... 177
9.2.2 Dynamic Scheduling Problem ....................... 179
9.2.3 Distributed Scheduling Problem ................... 180
9.3 Scheduling Algorithms for Multiple Workcell Shop
Floor .................................................. 181
9.3.1 Workcell Scheduling Algorithm .................... 182
9.3.2 Dynamic Scheduling Algorithm ..................... 183
9.3.3 Distributed Scheduling Algorithm ................. 185
9.4 Agent-Based Service-Oriented System Integration ........ 187
9.4.1 System Overview .................................. 188
9.4.2 Dynamic Scheduling Algorithm ..................... 189
9.4.3 Scheduler Agent Design ........................... 190
9.4.4 Coordination between Scheduler Agent and Real
Time Controller Agent ............................ 191
9.4 5 Coordination between Scheduling Services ......... 192
9.4.6 System Implementation ............................ 194
9.5 A Case Study ........................................... 194
9.6 Conclusions ............................................ 195
9.7 References ............................................. 197
10 Leveraging Design Process Related Intellectual Capital -
A Key to Enhancing Enterprise Agility
Jitesh H. Panchal, Marco Gero Fernández,
Christian J.J. Paredis, Janet K. Allen and
Farrokh Mistree ............................................ 201
10.1 Design Processes - An Enterprise's Fundamental
Intellectual Capital .................................. 202
10.2 Examples of Design Process Scenarios .................. 204
10.2.1 Description of LCAs design problem ............. 205
10.2.2 LCAs design process strategies ................. 206
10.2.2.1 Strategy 1: Sequential Design -
Thermal First ......................... 206
10.2.2.2 Strategy 2: Sequential Design -
Structural First ...................... 207
10.2.2.3 Strategy 3: Set-based Design .......... 207
10.2.2.4 Strategy 4: Use of Surrogate Models ... 207
10.2.2.5 Strategy 5: Parallel Iterative
Design ................................ 208
10.3 Requirements and Critical Issues for Leveraging
Design Process Related Intellectual Capital ........... 209
10.3.1 Support for Design Information
Transformations ................................ 209
10.3.2 Support for Design Decision-making ............. 210
10.3.3 Modeling and Representation of Design
Processes ...................................... 210
10.3.4 Analyzing Design Processes ..................... 211
10.3.5 Synthesizing Design Processes .................. 211
10.4 Research Issues and Strategies for Designing Design
Processes ............................................. 212
10.4.1 Modeling Design Processes ...................... 214
10.4.1.1 Research Issue ........................ 214
10.4.1.2 Previous Work ......................... 214
10.4.1.3 Research Questions .................... 214
10.4.1.4 Strategy: a Decision-centric
Approach .............................. 214
10.4.2 Computational Representations for Design
Processes ...................................... 216
10.4.2.1 Research Issue ........................ 216
10.4.1.1 Previous Work ......................... 216
10.4.1.2 Research Questions .................... 217
10.4.1.3 Strategy: Separating Declarative
Information from Procedural
Information ........................... 217
10.4.3 Storage of Design Information .................. 218
10.4.3.1 Research Issue ........................ 218
10.4.3.2 Previous Work ......................... 218
10.4.3.3 Research Questions .................... 219
10.4.3.4 Strategy: Process Templates ........... 219
10.4.4 Developing metrics for assessing design
processes ...................................... 220
10.4.4.1 Research Issue ........................ 220
10.4.4.2 Previous Work ......................... 221
10.4.3.1 Research Questions .................... 221
10.4.3.2 Strategy: Process Templates ........... 221
10.4.5 Configuring Design Processes ................... 222
10.4.5.1 Research Issue ........................ 222
10.4.5.2 Previous Work ......................... 222
10.4.5.3 Research Questions .................... 222
10.4.5.4 Strategy: Process Families ............ 223
10.4.6 Configuring Design Processes ................... 223
10.4.6.1 Research Issue ........................ 223
10.4.6.2 Previous Work ......................... 224
10.4.6.3 Research Questions .................... 224
10.4.6.4 Strategy: Identifying Process
Decisions ............................. 224
10.4.7 Integrating Design Processes with Other
Processes in PLM ............................... 225
10.4.7.1 Research Issue ........................ 225
10.4.7.2 Previous Work ......................... 225
10.4.7.3 Research Questions .................... 226
10.4.7.4 Strategy: a Decision-centric
Approach .............................. 226
10.5 Conclusions ........................................... 227
10.6 Acknowledgments ....................................... 228
10.7 References ............................................ 228
11 Manufacturing Information Organization in Product
Lifecycle Management
R.I.M. Young, A.G. Gunendran and A.F. Cutling-Decelle ...... 235
11.1 Introduction .......................................... 235
11.2 Information and Knowledge Infrastructures for
Manufacture ........................................... 236
11.3 Context Awareness: Its Significance for Information
Organization .......................................... 239
11.3.1 Product Context ................................ 239
11.3.2 Life Cycle Context ............................. 241
11.3.3 Context Relationships .......................... 242
11.4 Exploiting Manufacturing Standards .................... 246
11.4.1 STEP for Manufacturing ......................... 246
11.4.2 Mandate - Resource, Time And Flow Models ....... 247
11.4.3 Process Specification Language ................. 248
11.5 Exploiting Product and Process Knowledge in Future .... 249
11.6 Conclusions ........................................... 251
11.7 References ............................................ 252
12 Semantic Interoperability to Support Collaborative
Product Development
Q.Z. Yang and Y. Zhang ..................................... 255
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 255
12.2 Semantic Interoperability Concepts and Technologies ... 257
12.2.1 Data-driven Interoperability Standard .......... 258
12.2.2 Ontologies ..................................... 258
12.2.3 Product Models ................................. 260
12.3 Product Semantics Capturing and STEP Extension
Modeling .............................................. 263
12.3.1 Representing Semantics in Supplementary
Information Models ............................. 263
12.3.2 Embedding Supplementary Information in CAD
Models ......................................... 264
12.3.3 Modeling STEP Extensions ....................... 265
12.3.4 Capturing Semantics in STEP-compliant Product
Models ......................................... 266
12.4 Taxonomy and Ontology ................................. 267
12.4.1 Vocabulary Taxonomy ............................ 267
12.4.2 OWL Ontology ................................... 268
12.5 Semantics-driven Schema Mapping ....................... 270
12.6 Software Prototype Development ........................ 272
12.6.1 Software System Architecture ................... 272
12.6.2 Client Toolkits ................................ 273
12.6.3 Collaboration Server Components and Services ... 276
12.7 Collaboration Scenarios ............................... 278
12.7.1 Support of Collaborative Design Process ........ 278
12.7.2 Design Objects Modeling and Semantics
Capturing ...................................... 279
12.7.3 Semantics Sharing with Heterogeneous Systems ... 281
12.8 Conclusions ........................................... 283
12.9 Acknowledgements ...................................... 284
12.10 Acronyms ............................................. 284
12.11 References ........................................... 284
13 A Proposal of Distributed Virtual Factory for
Collaborative Production Management
Toshiya Kaihara, Susumu Fujii and Kentaro Sashio ........... 287
13.1 Introduction .......................................... 287
13.2 Distributed Virtual Factory ........................... 288
13.2.1 Concept ........................................ 288
13.2.2 Structure ...................................... 289
13.2.3 Time Bucket Mechanism .......................... 289
13.3 Cost Analysis ......................................... 291
13.3.1 Cost Analysis In Manufacturing Systems ......... 291
13.3.2 Activity Based Costing (ABC) ................... 291
13.3.3 DVF and ABC .................................... 292
13.3.4 Manufacturing Model ............................ 292
13.3.5 Formulations for Cost .......................... 292
13.4 Experimental Results .................................. 297
13.4.1 Simulation Model ............................... 297
13.4.2 Total Factory Management in DVF ................ 297
13.4.3 Cost Analysys .................................. 300
13.5 Conclusions ........................................... 301
13.6 References ............................................ 303
Index ......................................................... 305
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