Dixon S.L. Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics of turbomachinery (Oxford, 2005). - ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ / CONTENTS
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ОбложкаDixon S.L. Fluid mechanics and thermodynamics of turbomachinery. - 5th ed. - Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2005. - 390 p. - ISBN-10 07506-7870-4; ISBN-13 978-0-7506-7870-4
 

Оглавление / Contents
 
PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION ................................... xi

PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION ................................ xiii

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION ................................... xv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................. xvii

LIST OF SYMBOLS ............................................... xix

1.  Introduction: Dimensional Analysis: Similitude .............. 1
    Definition of a turbomachine ................................ 1
    Units and dimensions ........................................ 3
    Dimensional analysis and performative laws .................. 5
    Incompressible fluid analysis ............................... 6
    Performance characteristics ................................. 7
    Variable geometry turbomachines ............................. 8
    Specific speed ............................................. 10
    Cavitation ................................................. 12
    Compressible gas flow relations ............................ 15
    Compressible fluid analysis ................................ 16
    The inherent unsteadiness of the flow within
    turbomachines .............................................. 20
    References ................................................. 21
    Problems ................................................... 22

2.  Basic Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics: Definitions of
    Efficiency ................................................. 24
    Introduction ............................................... 24
    The equation of continuity ................................. 24
    The first law of thermodynamics - internal energy .......... 25
    The momentum equation - Newton's second law of motion ...... 26
    The second law of thermodynamics - entropy ................. 30
    Definitions of efficiency .................................. 31
    Small stage or polytropic efficiency ....................... 35
    Nozzle efficiency .......................................... 42
    Diffusers .................................................. 44
    References ................................................. 54
    Problems ................................................... 55

3.  Two-dimensional Cascades ................................... 56
    Introduction ............................................... 56
    Cascade nomenclature ....................................... 57
    Analysis of cascade forces ................................. 58
    Energy losses .............................................. 60
    Lift and drag .............................................. 60
    Circulation and lift ....................................... 62
    Efficiency of a compressor cascade ......................... 63
    Performance of two-dimensional cascades .................... 64
    The cascade wind tunnel .................................... 64
    Cascade test results ....................................... 66
    Compressor cascade performance ............................. 69
    Turbine cascade performance ................................ 72
    Compressor cascade correlations ............................ 72
    Fan blade design (McKenzie) ................................ 80
    Turbine cascade correlation (Ainley and Mathieson) ......... 83
    Comparison of the profile loss in a cascade and in
    a turbine stage ............................................ 88
    Optimum space-chord ratio of turbine blades (Zweifel) ...... 89
    References ................................................. 90
    Problems ................................................... 92

4.  Axial-flow Turbines: Two-dimensional Theory ................ 94
    Introduction ............................................... 94
    Velocity diagrams of the axial turbine stage ............... 94
    Thermodynamics of the axial turbine stage .................. 95
    Stage losses and efficiency ................................ 97
    Soderberg's correlation .................................... 98
    Types of axial turbine design ............................. 100
    Stage reaction ............................................ 102
    Diffusion within blade rows ............................... 104
    Choice of reaction and effect on efficiency ............... 108
    Design point efficiency of a turbine stage ................ 109
    Maximum total-to-static efficiency of a reversible
    turbine stage ............................................. 113
    Stresses in turbine rotor blades .......................... 115
    Turbine flow characteristics .............................. 121
    Flow characteristics of a multistage turbine .............. 123
    The Wells turbine ......................................... 125
    Pitch-controlled blades ................................... 132
    References ................................................ 139
    Problems .................................................. 140

5.  Axial-flow Compressors and Fans ........................... 145
    Introduction .............................................. 145
    Two-dimensional analysis of the compressor stage .......... 146
    Velocity diagrams of the compressor stage ................. 148
    Thermodynamics of the compressor stage .................... 149
    Stage loss relationships and efficiency ................... 150
    Reaction ratio ............................................ 151
    Choice of reaction ........................................ 151
    Stage loading ............................................. 152
    Simplified off-design performance ......................... 153
    Stage pressure rise ....................................... 155
    Pressure ratio of a multistage compressor ................. 156
    Estimation of compressor stage efficiency ................. 157
    Stall and surge phenomena in compressors .................. 162
    Control of flow instabilities ............................. 167
    Axial-flow ducted fans .................................... 168
    Blade element theory ...................................... 169
    Blade element efficiency .................................. 171
    Lift coefficient of a fan aerofoil ........................ 173
    References ................................................ 173
    Problems .................................................. 174

6.  Three-dimensional Flows in Axial Turbomachines ............ 177
    Introduction .............................................. 177
    Theory of radial equilibrium .............................. 177
    The indirect problem ...................................... 179
    The direct problem ........................................ 187
    Compressible flow through a fixed blade row ............... 188
    Constant specific mass flow ............................... 189
    Off-design performance of a stage ......................... 191
    Free-vortex turbine stage ................................. 192
    Actuator disc approach .................................... 194
    Blade row interaction effects ............................. 198
    Computer-aided methods of solving the through-flow
    problem ................................................... 199
    Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to
    the design of axial turbomachines ......................... 201
    Secondary flows ........................................... 202
    References ................................................ 205
    Problems .................................................. 205

7.  Centrifugal Pumps, Fans and Compressors ................... 208
    Introduction .............................................. 208
    Some definitions .......................................... 209
    Theoretical analysis of a centrifugal compressor .......... 211
    Inlet casing .............................................. 212
    Impeller .................................................. 212
    Conservation of rothalpy .................................. 213
    Diffuser .................................................. 214
    Inlet velocity limitations ................................ 214
    Optimum design of a pump inlet ............................ 215
    Optimum design of a centrifugal compressor inlet .......... 217
    Slip factor ............................................... 222
    Head increase of a centrifugal pump ....................... 227
    Performance of centrifugal compressors .................... 229
    The diffuser system ....................................... 237
    Choking in a compressor stage ............................. 240
    References ................................................ 242
    Problems .................................................. 243

8.  Radial Flow Gas Turbines .................................. 246
    Introduction .............................................. 246
    Types of inward-flow radial turbine ....................... 247
    Thermodynamics of the 90 deg IFR turbine .................. 249
    Basic design of the rotor ................................. 251
    Nominal design point efficiency ........................... 252
    Much number relations ..................................... 256
    Loss coefficients in 90 deg IFR turbines .................. 257
    Optimum efficiency considerations ......................... 258
    Criterion for minimum number of blades .................... 263
    Design considerations for rotor exit ...................... 266
    Incidence losses .......................................... 270
    Significance and application of specific speed ............ 273
    Optimum design selection of 90 deg IFR turbines ........... 276
    Clearance and windage losses .............................. 278
    Pressure ratio limits of the 90 deg IFR turbine ........... 279
    Cooled 90 deg IFR turbines ................................ 280
    A radial turbine for wave energy conversion ............... 282
    References ................................................ 285
    Problems .................................................. 287

9.  Hydraulic Turbines ........................................ 290
    Introduction .............................................. 290
    Hydraulic turbines ........................................ 291
    The Pelton turbine ........................................ 294
    Reaction turbines ......................................... 303
    The Francis turbine ....................................... 304
    The Kaplan turbine ........................................ 310
    Effect of size on turbomachine efficiency ................. 313
    Cavitation ................................................ 315
    Application of CFD to the design of hydraulic turbines .... 319
    References ................................................ 320
    Problems .................................................. 320

10. Wind Turbines ............................................. 323
    Introduction .............................................. 323
    Types of wind turbine ..................................... 325
    Growth of wind power capacity and cost .................... 329
    Outline of the theory ..................................... 330
    Actuator disc approach .................................... 330
    Estimating the power output ............................... 337
    Power output range ........................................ 337
    Blade element theory ...................................... 338
    The blade element momentum method ......................... 346
    Rotor configurations ...................................... 353
    The power output at optimum conditions .................... 360
    HAWT blade selection criteria ............................. 361
    Developments in blade manufacture ......................... 363
    Control methods (starting, modulating and stopping) ....... 364
    Blade tip shapes .......................................... 369
    Performance testing ....................................... 370
    Performance prediction codes .............................. 370
    Comparison of theory with experimental data ............... 371
    Peak and post-peak power predictions ...................... 371
    Environmental considerations .............................. 373
    References ................................................ 374

Bibliography .................................................. 377

Appendix 1. Conversion of British and US Units to SI Units .... 378

Appendix 2. Answers to Problems ............................... 379

Index ......................................................... 383


 
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