Illustrations .................................................. vi
Figures ........................................................ vi
Maps ........................................................... vi
Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................... vii
Acknowledgments ................................................ xv
Introduction .................................................... 1
1. Contested Democracy: An Alternative Interpretation of
Philippine Politics ......................................... 21
2. Threat to Democracy or Democratizing Force? ................. 54
3. The Emergent Left's Engagement in Civil Society ............. 94
4. The Left, Elections, and the Political Party System ........ 128
5. The Left's Engagement in Public Office and Governance ...... 160
6. Special Areas of Concern: Popular Political Education
and Working for Political Reform ........................... 202
7. Party Work at the Municipal Level .......................... 235
Conclusion .................................................... 295
Notes ......................................................... 313
Interviews .................................................... 344
Bibliography .................................................. 351
Index ......................................................... 405
Illustrations
FIGURES
2.1. The debate within the cpp on the fall of socialism in
Eastern Europe and the alternative Philippine society ..... 60
2.2. Major leftist parties in the Philippines .................. 64
5.1. Key steps in the bdp-pra process ......................... 178
7.1. Process of building an Akbayan political-electoral
base (municipal level) ................................... 290
MAPS
The Philippines (with regions and provinces) ........ facing page 1
5.1. Rizal Province, showing Angono ........................... 186
5.2. Albay Province, showing Daraga and Guinobatan ............ 188
7.1. Davao Oriental Province, showing Banaybanay, Governor
Generoso, and San Isidro .................................. 251
7.2. Bohol Province, showing Jagna ............................ 252
7.3. Eastern Samar Province, showing Guiuan, Hernani,
Mercedes, Salcedo, and Sulat ............................. 260
7.4. Laguna Province, showing Los Banos and Victoria .......... 266
7.5. South Cotabato Province, showing Surallah ................ 270
7.6. Maguindanao Province, showing Cotabato City,
Barira, Buldon, and Matanog .............................. 277
7.7. Davao City, showing its districts ........................ 282
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