Plan of the Book and Acknowledgments ........................... xi
List of Contributors ......................................... xvii
Part I Introduction and Basic Studies
1 Small Superconductors—Introduction ........................... 3
A.V. Narlikar
1.1 Two characteristiclength scales of superconductors ...... 3
1.2 Two size effects in superconductors ..................... 8
1.3 QSE, quantum fluctuations, Anderson limit, parity and
shell effects, etc. ..................................... 9
1.4 Factors influencing small size effects ................. 12
1.5 Behavior of nanowires and ultra-thin films ............. 16
1.6 Vortex states of small superconductors ................. 20
1.7 Proximity effect behaviors ............................. 25
1.8 Synthesis of small superconductors ..................... 28
1.9 Summary and outlook .................................... 33
2 Local-Scale Spectroscopic Studies of Vortex Organization in
Mesoscopic Superconductors .................................. 40
D. Roditchev, T. Cren, C. Brun, and M. Miloševic
2.1 Basic properties of quantum vortices in
superconductors ........................................ 41
2.2 Experimental requirements for studying vortex
confinement phenomena .................................. 51
2.3 Observation of confinement effects on vortices ......... 54
2.4 Conclusions and outlook ................................ 76
3 Multi-Vortex States in Mesoscopic Superconductors ........... 81
N. Kokubo, S. Okayasu, and K. Kadowaki
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 81
3.2 Magnetic imaging of superconducting vortices ........... 83
3.3 Observation of multi-vortex states in mesoscopic
superconductors ........................................ 87
3.4 Summary and outlook ................................... 103
4 Proximity Effect: A New Insight fi"om In Situ Fabricated
Hybrid Nanostructures ...................................... 108
J.C. Cuevas, D. Roditchev, T. Cren, and C. Brun
4.1 An introduction to proximity effect ................... 109
4.2 In situ fabricated hybrid nanostructures and
tunneling spectroscopy ................................ 123
4.3 Proximity effect in a correlated 2D disordered metal .. 126
4.4 Proximity effect in diffusive SNS junctions ........... 129
4.5 Proximity Josephson vortices .......................... 131
4.6 Proximity effect between two different
superconductors ....................................... 135
4.7 Conclusions and outiook ............................... 139
5 Andreev Reflection and Related Studies in Low-Dimensional
Superconducting Systems .................................... 144
D. Daghero, G.A. Ummarino, and R.S. Gonnelli
5.1 Basics of point-contact Andreev-reflection
spectroscopy .......................................... 145
5.2 Andreev reflection in a nutshell ...................... 150
5.3 Length scales in mesoscopic systems ................... 155
5.4 Examples of PCARS in superconductors with reduced
dimensionality ........................................ 165
5.5 Summary and outiook ................................... 177
6 Topological Superconductors and Majorana Fermions .......... 183
Y.Y. Li and J.F. Jia
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 183
6.2 TI/SC heterostructures ................................ 185
6.3 Nanowire/SC junctions ................................. 195
6.4 FM atomic chain on SCs ................................ 199
6.5 Summary and outiook ................................... 202
7 Surface and Interface Superconductivity .................... 207
S. Gariglio, M.S. Scheurer, J. Schmalian,
A.M.R.V.L. Monteiro, S. Goswami, and A.D. Caviglia
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 207
7.2 Superconductivity in two dimensions ................... 208
7.3 Superconductivity in ultra-thin metals on Si(l11) ..... 210
7.4 Superconductivity at tiie LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface ..... 215
7.5 Summary and outlook ................................... 231
Part II Materials Aspects
8 Mesoscopic Effects in Superconductor-Ferromagnet Hybrids ... 241
G. Karapetrov, S.A. Moore, and M. Iavarone
8.1 Theories underpinning S/F hybrid structures ........... 242
8.2 Domain wall and reverse domain superconductivity ...... 249
8.3 Vortex behavior in planar S/F hybrids ................. 256
8.4 Conclusions and outiook ............................... 261
9 Theoretical Study of THz Emission from HTS Cuprate ......... 265
H. Asai
9.1 Intrinsic Josephson junction (IJJ) in HTS cuprate ..... 266
9.2 THz emitter utilizing IJJs ............................ 271
9.3 Temperature inhomogeneity in IJJ-basedTHz emitter ..... 273
9.4 THz emission from IJJs with temperature
inhomogeneity ......................................... 274
9.5 Summary ............................................... 286
10 Micromagnetic Measurements on Electrochemically Grown
Mesoscopic Superconductors ................................. 291
A. Müller, S.E.C. Dale, and M.A. Engbarth
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 291
10.2 Electrochemical preparation of β-tin samples .......... 296
10.3 Measurement techniques and sample preparation ......... 300
10.4 Summary and outlook ................................... 317
11 Growth and Characterization of HTSc Nanowires and
Nanoribbons ................................................ 321
M.R. Koblischka
11.1 HTSc nanowires prepared by the template method ........ 321
11.2 HTSc nanowires prepared by electrospinning ............ 326
11.3 Use of HTSc nanowires as building blocks .............. 341
11.4 Summary and outlook ................................... 342
12 Mesoscopic Structures and Their Efifects on High-Tc
Superconductivity .......................................... 347
H. Zhang
12.1 Introduction and motivation ........................... 348
12.2 Model ................................................. 350
12.3 Calculating results and discussion .................... 352
12.4 Strain between two blocks and its effect on
superconductivity ..................................... 356
12.5 Carrier-compensated system and mesoscopic structures .. 359
12.6 Existence of fixed triangle (local mesoscopic
structure) by x-ray diffraction ....................... 363
12.7 The existence of the fixed triangle (local
mesoscopic structure) demonstrated by Raman
spectroscopy .......................................... 365
12.8 Low wave number evidence about mesoscopic structure ... 368
12.9 Discussions ........................................... 369
12.10 Summary and outlook .................................. 375
13 Magnetic Flux Avalanches in Superconducting Films with
Mesoscopic Artificial Patterns ............................. 379
M. Motta, A.V. Silhanek, and W.A. Ortiz
13.1 Avalanches in superconductors ......................... 380
13.2 Artificial pinning centers in superconducting films ... 391
13.3 Effects of the antidot geometry and lattice symmetry
in flux avalanches .................................... 399
13.4 Summary and outlook ................................... 406
Part III Device Technology
14 Superconducting Spintronics and Devices .................... 415
M.G. Blamire and J.W.A. Robinson
14.1 Conventional spintronics .............................. 416
14.2 The rationale for superconducting spintronics ......... 417
14.3 S/F proximity effects and Josephson junctions ......... 418
14.4 Spin transport in the superconducting state ........... 421
14.5 Superconducting spintronic memory ..................... 423
14.6 Superconducting spintronic logic ...................... 424
14.7 Superconductor/ferromagnet thermoelectric devices ..... 424
14.8 Materials and device structures ....................... 425
14.9 Summary and outlook ................................... 427
15 Barriers in Josephson Junctions: An Overview ............... 432
M.R. Weides
15.1 Josephson effect ...................................... 433
15.2 Tunnel barriers ....................................... 443
15.3 Metallic barriers ..................................... 449
15.4 Semiconducting barriers ............................... 450
15.5 Magnetic barriers ..................................... 451
15.6 Summary and outlook ................................... 453
16 Hybrid Superconducting Devices Based on Quantum Wires ...... 459
K. Grove-Rasmussen, T.S. Jespersen, A. Jellinggaard, and
J. Nygård
16.1 Introduction .......................................... 459
16.2 Experimental aspects of hybrid devices ................ 460
16.3 Superconducting junctions with normal quantum dots .... 463
16.4 Superconductivity-enhanced spectroscopy of quantum
dots .................................................. 467
16.5 Sub-gap states in hybrid quantum dots ................. 468
16.6 Non-local signals in hybrid double quantum dots ....... 472
16.7 Epitaxial superconducting contacts to nanowires ....... 477
16.8 Summary and outlook ................................... 482
17 Superconducting Nanodevices ................................ 492
J. Gallop and L. Hao
17.1 The drive to the nanoscale ............................ 492
17.2 Types of Josephson junction ........................... 494
17.3 NanoSQUIDs imply improved energy sensitivity .......... 503
17.4 Applications .......................................... 506
17.5 Future developments ................................... 516
17.6 Summary and outlook ................................... 520
18 Superconducting Quantum Bits of Information—Coherence and
Design Improvements ........................................ 524
J. Bylander
18.1 Introduction: superconducting qubits .................. 524
18.2 Single-qubit Hamiltonians and reference frames ........ 526
18.3 Decoherence. Characterization and mitigation of
noise ................................................. 529
18.4 Superconducting qubits ................................ 539
18.5 Circuit quantum electrodynamics (c-QED) ............... 553
18.6 Second-generation superconducting qubits .............. 557
18.7 Summary and outlook ................................... 561
19 NanoSQUIDs Applied to the Investigation of Small Magnetic
Systems .................................................... 567
M.J. Martínez-Pérez, R. Kleiner, and D. Koelle
19.1 SQUID basics .......................................... 567
19.2 NanoSQUIDs ............................................ 572
19.3 Measurement techniques using nanoSQUIDs ............... 590
19.4 Particle positioning .................................. 592
19.5 Applications .......................................... 596
19.6 Summary and outlook ................................... 600
Index ......................................................... 607
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