Koch E.-Ch. Metal-fluorocarbon based energetic materials / E.-C.Koch. - Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2012. - xviii, 342 p.: ill. - Bibliogr. at the end of the chapters. - Ind.: p.337-342. - ISBN 978-3-527-32920-5 Шифр: (И/Л6-К66) 02  Место хранения:   02 | Отделение ГПНТБ СО РАН | Новосибирск

Оглавление / Contents

Foreword ..................................................... XIII Preface ........................................................ XV Acknowledgment ............................................... XVII 1 Introduction to Pyrolants .................................. 1 References ................................................. 3 2 History .................................................... 6 2.1 Organometallic Beginning ................................... 6 2.2 Explosive & Obscurant Properties ........................... 8 2.3 Rise of Fluorocarbons ..................................... 10 2.4 Rockets Fired Against Aircraft ............................ 13 2.5 Metal/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants .............................. 15 References ................................................ 17 Further Reading ........................................... 19 3 Properties of Fluorocarbons ............................... 20 3.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ............................ 20 3.2 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) ....................... 22 3.3 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) ............................ 24 3.4 Polycarbon Monofiuoride (PMF) ............................. 25 3.5 Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropene Copolymer ........... 27 3.5.1 LFC-1 .............................................. 28 3.6 Vinylidene Fluoride-Chlorotrifluoroethylene Copolymer ..... 28 3.7 Copolymer of TFE and VDF .................................. 30 3.8 Terpolymers of TFE, HFP and VDF ........................... 31 3.9 Summary of chemical and physical properties of common fluoropolymers ............................................ 33 References ................................................ 33 4 Thermochemical and Physical Properties of Metals and their Fluorides ........................................... 36 References ................................................ 41 5 Reactivity and Thermochemistry of Selected Metal/ Fluorocarbon Systems ...................................... 42 5.1 Lithium ................................................... 42 5.2 Magnesium ................................................. 45 5.3 Titanium .................................................. 47 5.4 Zirconium ................................................. 52 5.5 Hafnium ................................................... 53 5.6 Niob ...................................................... 53 5.7 Tantalum .................................................. 54 5.8 Zinc ...................................................... 55 5.9 Cadmium ................................................... 56 5.10 Boron ..................................................... 57 5.11 Aluminium ................................................. 59 5.12 Silicon ................................................... 63 5.13 Calcium Suicide ........................................... 64 5.14 Tin ....................................................... 65 References ................................................ 66 6 Ignition and Combustion Mechanism of MTV .................. 68 6.1 Ignition and Pre-Ignition of Metal/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants ................................................. 68 6.2 Magnesium-Grignard Hypothesis ............................. 68 References ................................................ 77 7 Ignition of MTV ........................................... 80 References ................................................ 85 8 Combustion ................................................ 87 8.1 Magnesium/Teflon/Viton .................................... 87 8.1.1 Pressure Effects on the Burn Rate .................. 87 8.1.2 Particle Size Distribution and Surface Area Effects on the Burn Rate ........................... 88 8.2 Porosity .................................................. 95 8.3 Burn Rate Description ..................................... 96 8.4 Combustion of Metal-Fluorocarbon Pyrolants with Fuels Other than Magnesium ...................................... 97 8.4.1 Magnesium Hydride .................................. 97 8.4.2 Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal .................... 98 8.4.2.1 Lithium ........................................ 98 8.4.2.2 Magnesium-Aluminium Alloy ...................... 99 8.4.3 Titan .............................................. 99 8.4.4 Zirconium ......................................... 102 8.4.5 Zinc .............................................. 203 8.4.6 Boron ............................................. 104 8.4.7 Magnesium Boride, MgB2 ............................ 105 8.4.8 Aluminium ......................................... 105 8.4.9 Silicon ........................................... 108 8.4.10 Silicides ......................................... 220 8.4.10.1 Dimagnesium Suicide, Mg2Si .................... 110 8.4.10.2 Calcium Disilicide ............................ 111 8.4.10.3 Zirconium Disilicide .......................... 113 8.4.11 Tungsten-Zirconium Alloy ........................ 113 8.5 Underwater Combustion .................................... 114 References ............................................... 115 9 Spectroscopy ............................................. 119 9.1 Introduction ............................................. 119 9.2 UV-VIS Spectra ........................................... 120 9.2.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene Combustion ................ 121 9.2.2 Magnesium/Fluorocarbon Pyrolants .................. 222 9.2.3 MgH2, MgB2, Mg3N2, Mg2Si/Mg3Al2/Fluorocarbon Based pyrolants ................................... 128 9.2.4 Silicon/PTFE Based Pyrolants ...................... 133 9.2.5 Boron/PTFE/Viton Based Pyrolants .................. 134 9.3 MWIR Spectra ............................................. 135 9.3.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene Combustion ................ 136 9.3.2 Magnesium/Fluorocarbon Combustion ................. 236 9.3.3 MgH2, MgB2, Mg3N2, Mg2Si/Fluorocarbon Based Pyrolants ......................................... 139 9.3.4 Si/Fluorocarbon Based Pyrolants ................... 240 9.3.5 Boron/PTFE/Viton Based Pyrolants .................. 142 9.4 Temperature Determination ................................ 242 9.4.1 Condensed-Phase Temperature ....................... 242 9.4.2 Gas-Phase Temperature ............................. 244 References ............................................... 248 10 Infrared Emitters ........................................ 252 10.1 Decoy Flares ............................................. 252 10.2 Nonexpendable Flares ..................................... 253 10.2.1 Target Augmentation ............................... 253 10.2.2 Missile Tracking Flares ........................... 156 10.3 Metal-Fluorocarbon Flare Combustion Flames as Sources of Radiation ............................................. 158 10.3.1 Flame Structure and Morphology .................... 160 10.3.2 Radiation of MTV .................................. 162 10.4 Infrared Compositions .................................... 265 10.4.1 Inherent Effects .................................. 266 10.4.1.1 Influence of Stoichiometry .................... 166 10.4.2 Spectral Flare Compositions ....................... 280 10.4.3 Particle Size Issues .............................. 182 10.4.4 Geometrical Aspects ............................... 182 10.5 Operational Effects ...................................... 184 10.5.1 Altitude Effects .................................. 184 10.5.2 Windspeed Effects ................................. 186 10.6 Outlook .................................................. 191 References ............................................... 193 11 Obscurants ............................................... 197 11.1 Introduction ............................................. 197 11.2 Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions in Aerosol Generation ....... 199 11.2.1 Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions as an Exclusive Aerosol Source .................................... 200 11.2.2 Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions to Trigger Aerosol Release ........................................... 201 11.2.2.1 Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions to Trigger Soot Formation ..................................... 201 11.2.2.2 Metal-Fluorocarbon Reactions to Trigger Phosphorus Vaporisation ....................... 204 References ............................................... 208 12 Igniters ................................................. 210 References ............................................... 214 13 Incendiaries, Agent Defeat, Reactive Fragments and Detonation. Phenomena .................................... 216 13.1 Incendiaries ............................................. 216 13.2 Curable Fluorocarbon Resin-Based Compositions ............ 217 13.3 Document Destruction ..................................... 218 13.4 Agent Defeat ............................................. 221 13.5 Reactive Fragments ....................................... 223 13.6 Shockwave Loading of Metal-Fluorocarbons and Detonation-Like Phenomena ................................ 229 References ............................................... 232 Further Reading .......................................... 234 14 Miscellaneous Applications ............................... 235 14.1 Submerged Applications ................................... 235 14.1.1 Underwater Explosives ............................. 235 14.1.2 Underwater Flares ................................. 235 14.1.3 Underwater Cutting Torch .......................... 236 14.2 Mine-Disposal Torch ...................................... 238 14.3 Stored Chemical Energy ................................... 240 14.3.1 Heating Device .................................... 240 14.3.2 Stored Chemical Energy Propulsion ................. 240 14.4 Tracers .................................................. 240 14.5 Propellants .............................................. 241 References ............................................... 244 15 Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis .............. 247 15.1 Introduction ............................................. 247 15.2 Magnesium ................................................ 249 15.3 Silicon and Suicides ..................................... 252 References ............................................... 256 16 Vapour-Deposited Materials ............................... 258 References ............................................... 262 17 Ageing ................................................... 264 References ............................................... 270 18 Manufacture .............................................. 271 18.1 Introduction ............................................. 271 18.2 Treatment of Metal Powder ................................ 271 18.3 Mixing ................................................... 273 18.3.1 Shock Gel Process ................................. 273 18.3.1.1 Procedure A ................................... 273 18.3.1.2 Procedure В ................................... 275 18.3.2 Conventional Mixing ............................... 276 18.3.3 Experimental Super Shock Gel Process .............. 276 18.3.4 Experimental Dry Mixing Technique ................. 280 18.3.5 Experimental Cryo-N2 Process ...................... 282 18.3.6 Extrusion ......................................... 282 18.3.6.1 Twin Screw Extrusion .......................... 282 18.4 Pressing ................................................. 286 18.5 Cutting .................................................. 289 18.6 Priming .................................................. 289 18.7 Miscellaneous ............................................ 289 18.8 Accidents and Process Safety ............................. 290 18.8.1 Mixing ............................................ 290 18.8.2 Pressing .......................................... 293 18.8.3 Process Analysis .................................. 294 18.8.4 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) ............... 294 References ........................................ 296 19 Sensitivity .............................................. 299 19.1 Introduction ............................................. 299 19.2 Impact Sensitivity ....................................... 300 19.2.1 MTV ............................................... 300 19.2.2 Titanium/PTFE/VitonandZirconium/PTFE/Viton ........ 300 19.2.3 Metal-Fluorocarbon Solvents ....................... 301 19.2.4 Viton as Binder in Mg/NaN03 ....................... 301 19.3 Friction and Shear Sensitivity ........................... 301 19.3.1 Metal/Fluorocarbon ................................ 303 19.4 Thermal Sensitivity ................................. 304 19.4.1 MTV ............................................... 304 19.5 ESD Sensitivity .......................................... 305 19.6 Insensitive Munitions Testing ............................ 310 19.6.1 Introduction ...................................... 310 19.6.2 Cookoff ........................................... 314 19.6.3 Bullet Impact ..................................... 316 19.6.4 Sympathetic Reaction .............................. 319 19.6.5 IM Signature Summary .............................. 320 19.7 Hazards Posed by Loose In-Process MTV Crumb and TNT Equivalent ............................................... 321 References ............................................... 323 20 Toxic Combustion Products ................................ 326 20.1 MTV Flare Composition .................................... 326 20.2 Obscurant Formulations ................................... 330 20.3 Fluorine Compounds ....................................... 331 20.3.1 Hydrogen Fluoride ................................. 332 20.3.2 Aluminium Fluoride ................................ 332 20.3.3 Magnesium Fluoride ................................ 332 References ............................................... 332 21 Outlook .................................................. 334 References ............................................... 335 Index ......................................................... 337