Preface to the Second Edition .................................. xi
Preface to the First Edition ................................... xv
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
2 Stress and deprivation during growth and development and
adulthood .................................................... 7
2.1 Introduction ............................................ 7
2.2 Measuring stress in human remains ....................... 8
2.3 Growth and development: skeletal ........................ 9
2.4 Growth and development: dental ......................... 25
2.5 Skeletal and dental pathological markers of
deprivation ............................................ 30
2.6 Adult stress ........................................... 57
2.7 Summary and conclusions ................................ 64
3 Exposure to infectious pathogens ............................ 66
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 66
3.2 Dental caries .......................................... 67
3.3 Periodontal disease (periodontitis) and tooth loss ..... 78
3.4 Nonspecific infection and disruption ................... 86
3.5 Specific infectious diseases: treponematosis,
tuberculosis, and leprosy .............................. 96
3.6 Specific infectious diseases: vectored infections ..... 111
3.7 Summary and conclusions ............................... 112
4 Injury and violence ........................................ 115
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 115
4.2 Skeletal injury and lifestyle ......................... 116
4.3 Intentional injury and interpersonal violence ......... 130
4.4 Medical care and surgical intervention ................ 168
4.5 Interpreting skeletal trauma .......................... 172
4.6 Summary and conclusions ............................... 177
5 Activity patterns: 1. Articular degenerative conditions
and musculoskeletal modifications .......................... 178
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 178
5.2 Articular joints and their function ................... 179
5.3 Articular joint pathology: osteoarthritis ............. 179
5.4 Nonpathological articular modifications ............... 204
5.5 Monarticular pathological conditions relating to
activity .............................................. 206
5.6 Summary and conclusions ............................... 212
6 Activity patterns: 2. Structural adaptation ................ 214
6.1 Bone form, function, and behavioral inference ......... 214
6.2 Cross-sectional geometry .............................. 215
6.3 Histomorphometric biomechanical adaptation ............ 246
6.4 Behavioral inference from external measurements ....... 247
6.5 Summary and conclusions ............................... 255
7 Masticatory and nonmasticatory functions: craniofacial
adaptation to mechanical loading ........................... 256
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 256
7.2 Cranial form and functional adaptation ................ 256
7.3 Dental and alveolar changes ........................... 270
7.4 Dental wear and function .............................. 276
7.5 Summary and conclusions ............................... 300
8 Isotopic and elemental signatures of diet, nutrition, and
life history ............................................... 301
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 301
8.2 Isotopic analysis ..................................... 302
8.3 Elemental analysis .................................... 347
8.4 Methodological issues in bioarchaeological chemistry .. 355
8.5 Summary and conclusions ............................... 356
9 Biological distance and historical dimensions of skeletal
variation .................................................. 357
9.1 Introduction .......................................... 357
9.2 Classes of biodistance data ........................... 362
9.3 Biohistorical issues: temporal perspectives ........... 368
9.4 Biohistorical issues: spatial perspectives ............ 389
9.5 Summary and conclusions ............................... 401
10 Bioarchaeological paleodemography: interpreting age-at-
death structures ........................................... 402
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 402
10.2 Reconstructing and interpreting age-at-death
profiles: it has been mostly about mortality .......... 404
10.3 Paleodemographers adopt the life table for age
structure analysis .................................... 406
10.4 Addressing the assumptions of paleodemography ......... 408
10.5 New solutions to interpreting age-at-death profiles
in archaeological skeletal series: it is really
mostly about fertility not mortality .................. 410
10.6 The elephant in the room: age estimates in
archaeological skeletons .............................. 418
10.7 Summary and conclusions ............................... 419
11 Bioarchaeology: skeletons in context ....................... 422
11.1 Framing the contextual record ......................... 422
11.2 Framing the problems and questions: it is all about
the hypothesis ........................................ 424
11.3 Ethics in bioarchaeology .............................. 428
11.4 Bioarchaeology looking forward ........................ 429
References ................................................. 433
Index ......................................................... 593
Color plates are to be found between pp. 320 and 321
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