Foreword by Chief Emeka Anyaoku, President, WWF
International ................................................... v
Preface by Chris Hails, Programme Director, WWF
International ................................................. vii
Note from the Editors .......................................... ix
Acknowledgements ............................................... xi
Acronyms ...................................................... xxi
Contributors' List .......................................... xxiii
Part A Toward a Wider Perspective in Forest
Restoration
Section I Introducing Forest Landscape Restoration
Chapter 1
Forest Landscape Restoration in Context
Nigel Dudley, Stephanie Mansourian, and Daniel Vallauri ...... 3
Chapter 2
Overview of Forest Restoration Strategies and Terms
Stephanie Mansourian ......................................... 8
Section II The Challenging Context Of Forest Restoration
Today
Chapter 3
Impact of Forest Loss and Degradation on Biodiversity
Nigel Dudley ................................................ 17
Chapter 4
The Impacts of Degradation and Forest Loss on Human Weil-
Being and Its Social and Political Relevance for Restoration
Mary Hobley ................................................. 22
Chapter 5
Restoring Forest Landscapes in the Face of Climate Change
Jennifer Biringer and Lara J. Hansen ....................... 31
Section III Forest Restoration in Modern Broad-Scale
Conservation
Chapter 6
Restoration as a Strategy to Contribute to Ecoregion Visions
John Morrison, Jeffrey Sayer, and Colby Loucks .............. 41
Chapter 7
Why Do We Need to Consider Restoration in a Landscape Context?
Nigel Dudley, John Morrison, James Aronson, and
Stephanie Mansourian ........................................ 51
Chapter 8
Addressing Trade-Offs in Forest Landscape Restoration
Katrina Brown ............................................... 59
Part В Key Preparatory Steps Toward Restoring Forests
Within a Landscape Context
Section IV Overview of the Planning Process
Chapter 9
An Attempt to Develop a Framework for Restoration Planning
Daniel Vallauri, James Aronson, and Nigel Dudley ............ 65
Section V Identifying and Addressing Challenges/Constraints
Chapter 10
Assessing and Addressing Threats in Restoration Programmes
Doreen Robinson ............................................. 73
Chapter 11
Perverse Policy Incentives
Kirsten Schuyt .............................................. 78
Chapter 12
Land Ownership and Forest Restoration
Gonzalo Oviedo .............................................. 84
Chapter 13
Challenges for Forest Landscape Restoration Based on WWF's
Experience to Date
Stephanie Mansourian and Nigel Dudley ....................... 94
Section VI A Suite of Planning Tools
Chapter 14
Goals and Targets of Forest Landscape Restoration
Jeffrey Sayer .............................................. 101
Chapter 15
Identifying and Using Reference Landscapes for Restoration
Nigel Dudley ............................................... 109
Chapter 16
Mapping and Modelling as Tools to Set Targets, Identify
Opportunities, and Measure Progress
Thomas F. Allnutt .......................................... 115
Chapter 17
Policy Interventions for Forest Landscape Restoration
Nigel Dudley ............................................... 121
Chapter 18
Negotiations and Conflict Management
Scott Jones and Nigel Dudley ............................... 126
Chapter 19
Practical Interventions that Will Support Restoration in
Broad-Scale Conservation Based on WWF Experiences
Stephanie Mansourian ....................................... 136
Section VII Monitoring and Evaluation
Chapter 20
Monitoring Forest Restoration Projects in the Context of
an Adaptive Management Cycle
Sheila O'Connor, Nick Salafsky, and Dan Salzer ............. 145
Chapter 21
Monitoring and Evaluating Forest Restoration Success
Daniel Vallauri, James Aronson, Nigel Dudley, and
Ramon Vallejo .............................................. 150
Section VIII Financing and Promoting Forest Landscape
Restoration
Chapter 22
Opportunities for Long-Term Financing of Forest Restoration
in Landscapes
Kirsten Schuyt ............................................. 161
Chapter 23
Payment for Environmental Services and Restoration
Kirsten Schuyt ............................................. 166
Chapter 24
Carbon Knowledge Projects and Forest Landscape Restoration
Jessica Orrego ............................................. 171
Chapter 25
Marketing and Communications Opportunities: How to Promote
and Market Forest Landscape Restoration
Soh Koon Chng .............................................. 176
Part С Implementing Forest Restoration
Section IX Restoring Ecological Functions
Chapter 26
Restoring Quality in Existing Native Forest Landscapes
Nigel Dudley ............................................... 185
Chapter 27
Restoring Soil and Ecosystem Processes
Lawrence R. Walker ......................................... 192
Chapter 28
Active Restoration of Boreal Forest Habitats for Target
Species
Harri Karjalainen .......................................... 197
Chapter 29
Restoration of Deadwood as a Critical Microhabitat in
Forest Landscapes
Nigel Dudley and Daniel Vallauri ........................... 203
Chapter 30
Restoration of Protected Area Values
Nigel Dudley ............................................... 208
Section X Restoring Socioeconomic Values
Chapter 31
Using Nontimber Forest Products for Restoring Environmental,
Social, and Economic Functions
Pedro Regato and Nora Berrahmouni .......................... 215
Chapter 32
An Historical Account of Fuelwood Restoration Efforts
Don Gilmour ................................................ 223
Chapter 33
Restoring Water Quality and Quantity
Nigel Dudley and Sue Stolton ............................... 228
Chapter 34
Restoring Landscapes for Traditional Cultural Values
Gladwin Joseph and Stephanie Mansourian .................... 233
Section XI A Selection of Tools that Return Trees to the
Landscape
Chapter 35
Overview of Technical Approaches to Restoring Tree Cover at
the Site Level
Stephanie Mansourian, David Lamb, and Don Gilmour .......... 241
Chapter 36
Stimulating Natural Regeneration
Silvia Holz and Guillermo Placet ........................... 250
Chapter 37
Managing and Directing Natural Succession
Steve Whisenant ............................................ 257
Chapter 38
Selecting Tree Species for Plantation
Florencia Montagnini ....................................... 262
Chapter 39
Developing Firebreaks
Eduard Plana, Rufi Cerdan, and Marc Castellnou ............. 269
Chapter 40
Agroforestry as a Tool for Forest Landscape Restoration
Thomas K. Erdmann .......................................... 274
Part D Addressing Specific Aspects of Forest
Restoration
Section XII Restoration of Different Forest Types
Chapter 41
Restoring Dry Tropical Forests
James Aronson, Daniel Vallauri, Tanguy Jaffre, and
Porter P. Lowry II ......................................... 285
Chapter 42
Restoring Tropical Moist Broad-Leaf Forests
David Lamb ................................................. 291
Chapter 43
Restoring Tropical Montane Forests
Manuel R. Guariguata ....................................... 298
Chapter 44
Restoring Floodplain Forests
Simon Dufour and Hervée Piégay ............................. 306
Chapter 45
Restoring Mediterranean Forests
Ramon Vallejo .............................................. 313
Chapter 46
Restoring Temperate Forests
Adrian Newton and Alan Watson Featherstone ................. 320
Section XIII Restoring After Disturbances
Chapter 47
Forest Landscape Restoration After Fires
Peter Moore ................................................ 331
Chapter 48
Restoring Forests After Violent Storms
Daniel Vallauri ............................................ 339
Chapter 49
Managing the Risk of Invasive Alien Species in Restoration
Jeffrey A. McNeely ......................................... 345
Chapter 50
First Steps in Erosion Control
Steve Whisenant ............................................ 350
Chapter 51
Restoring Forests After Land Abandonment
Jose M. Rey Benayas ........................................ 356
Chapter 52
Restoring Overlogged Tropical Forests
Cesar Sabogal and Robert Nasi .............................. 361
Chapter 53
Opencast Mining Reclamation
José Manuel Nicolau Ibarra and Mariano Moreno de las
Heras ...................................................... 370
Section XIV Plantations in the Landscape
Chapter 54
The Role of Commercial Plantations in Forest Landscape
Restoration
Jeffrey Sayer and Chris Elliot ............................. 379
Chapter 55
Attempting to Restore Biodiversity in Even-Aged Plantations
Florencia Montagnini ....................................... 384
Chapter 56
Best Practices for Industrial Plantations
Nigel Dudley ............................................... 392
Part E Lessons Learned and the Way Forward
Chapter 57
What Has WWF Learned About Restoration at an Ecoregional
Scale?
Nigel Dudley ............................................... 401
Chapter 58
Local Participation, Livelihood Needs, and Institutional
Arrangements: Three Keys to Sustainable Rehabilitation of
Degraded Tropical Forest Lands
Unna Chokkalingam, Cesar Sabogal, Everaldo Almeida,
Antonio P. Carandang, Tini Gumartini, Wil de Jong,
Silvio Brienza, Jr., Abel Meza Lopez Murniati,
Ani Adiwinata Nawir, Lukas Rumboko, Takeshi Toma,
Eva Wollenberg, and Zhou Zaizhi ............................ 405
Chapter 59
A Way Forward: Working Together Toward a Vision for
Restored Forest Landscapes
Stephanie Mansourian, Mark Aldrich, and Nigel Dudley ....... 415
Appendix
A Selection of Identified Ecological Research Needs
Relating to Forest Restoration ................................ 424
Index ......................................................... 427
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