Preface
Jiři A. Svoboda and Ofer Bar-Yosef ............................. xi
CHAPTER ONE
HISTORY AND STRATEGY OF RESEARCH AT STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA
Jiři A. Svoboda and Karel Valoch ................................ 1
AFTER 1910: EXCAVATIONS AT THE
LOWER/MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE SITE SS-I .............................. 2
AFTER 1926: THE AURIGNACIAN SITE SS-II
AND RELATED SURFACE SURVEYS ..................................... 2
The Lithic Industry 3 Raw Materials 4 Technology and Typology ... 4
AFTER 1981: THE BOHUNICIAN AND
AURIGNACIAN SITES SS-LLL AND SS-IIIA ............................ 6
1984-1986: THE EPIGRAVETTIAN SITE SS-IV ......................... 8
AFTER 1985: THE AURIGNACIAN AND BOHUNICIAN SITES SS-II,
SS-IIA, AND SS-IIIB ............................................. 9
1997-1999: the czech-american
PROJECT AT SITES SS-IIIC AND SS-IIID ........................... 10
REFERENCES ..................................................... 12
CHAPTER TWO
CHXONOSTRATIGRAPHIC BACKGROUND, ENVIRONMENT, AND FORMATION
OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LAYERS
Jiři A. Svoboda ................................................ 15
THE GEOLOGY AND PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHY ....................... 15
THE 14C DATING ................................................. 15
THE ENVIRONMENT AND PAST LANDSCAPES ............................ 16
FORMATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LAYERS ......................... 18
STRÁNSKÁ SKALA
Archaeological features ...................................... 20
The Lower Soil Unit (Bohunician) ............................. 20
The Upper Soil Unit (Bohunician Horizon) ..................... 21
The Upper Soil Unit (Aurignacian Horizon) .................... 22
REFERENCES ..................................................... 22
CHAPTER THREE
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA III-L
Karel Valoch ................................................... 27
STRATIGRAPHY ................................................... 27
DATING ......................................................... 28
COURSE OF THE FIELDWORK ........................................ 28
DEPOSITIONAL CONTEXT ........................................... 28
REFITTINGS ..................................................... 30
STRUCTURE OF THE SETTLED AREA .................................. 31
THE INDUSTRY ................................................... 31
Raw Materials ................................................ 31
Technology ................................................... 33
TYPOLOGY ....................................................... 34
CONCLUSIONS .................................................... 34
REFERENCES ..................................................... 35
CHAPTER FOUR
DISTRIBUTION OF ARTIFACTS AT STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA:
1982-1989 EXCAVATIONS
Lenka Jarošová ................................................. 37
SS-IIA ......................................................... 37
SS-IN-2 ........................................................ 37
Concentration A: Sectors 4 and 7 ............................. 37
Concentration В: Sectors 10 and 13 (Excluding Southeast
Corner of 13) ................................................ 38
Concentration C: Sector 16 and Southeast Corner of
Sector 13 .................................................... 40
SS-IIIA ........................................................ 41
REFERENCES ..................................................... 43
CHAPTER FIVE
The Spatial Distribution of Lithic Artifacts at STRÁNSKÁ
SKÁLA IIIc and Hid: 1997-1999 Excavations
Gilliane Monnier ............................................... 45
METHODS ........................................................ 45
RESULTS: SS-IIIC ............................................... 46
Integrity of the Cultural Deposits ........................... 46
Discreteness of the Occupation Layers ........................ 52
Behavioral Patterns and Spatial Organization ................. 54
RESULTS: SS-IIID ............................................... 57
REFERENCES ..................................................... 57
CHAPTER SIX
LITHIC RAW MATERIALS USED BY HUMANS AT STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA
Antonin Přichystal, Jiři A. Svoboda, and Petr Škrdla ........... 59
LOCAL RAW MATERIALS: STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA AND OTHER
CHERTS OF THE AREA ............................................. 59
OTHER RAW MATERIALS ............................................ 62
The Krumlovsky-Les-Type Chert ................................ 62
Spongolites .................................................. 62
Moravian Jurassic Cherts ..................................... 62
Quartz and Orthoquartzites ................................... 62
Radiolarites ................................................. 62
Nordic Flint ................................................. 64
Ochre ........................................................ 64
REFERENCES ..................................................... 64
CHAPTER SEVEN
BOHUNICIAN AND AURIGNACIAN TECHNOLOGIES: MORPHOLOGICAL
DESCRIPTION
Petr Škrdla .................................................... 65
BOHUNICIAN ..................................................... 65
AURIGNACIAN .................................................... 69
REFERENCES ..................................................... 70
CHAPTER EIGHT
ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS OF THE LITHIC TECHNOLOGIES OF STRÁNSKÁ
SKÁLA IIIС AND HID IN REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL CONTEXT
Gilbert B. Tostevin ............................................ 77
METHODOLOGY .................................................... 79
DOMAIN 1. CORE MODIFICATION .................................... 81
Step 1. Core Orientation ..................................... 81
Step 2. Core Management ...................................... 82
DOMAIN 2. PLATFORM MAINTENANCE ................................. 83
Step 1. Debitage Platform Treatment .......................... 83
Step 2. Exterior Platform Angle .............................. 83
Step 3. Platform Thickness ................................... 84
DOMAIN 3. DIRECTION OF CORE EXPLOITATION ....................... 84
Step 1. Direction of Cortex Removal .......................... 84
Step 2. Direction of Blank Removal ........................... 84
DOMAIN 4. DORSAL SURFACE CONVEXITY SYSTEM ...................... 85
Step 1. Longitudinal Convexity: Debitage Laminarity .......... 85
Step 2. Shape of Convexity: Debitage Lateral Edges ........... 86
Step 3. Curvature of Convexity: Debitage Profile ............. 86
Step 4. Lateral Convexity: Debitage Cross Section ............ 86
Step 5. Vertical Convexity ................................... 86
DOMAIN 5. TOOL MANUFACTURE ..................................... 87
Steps 1-14. Blank Selection Criteria ......................... 87
Step 15. Application of Unique Retouch ....................... 87
Step 16. Location of Retouch ................................. 88
ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF SS-IIIC ................ 88
General Description of the Assemblage ........................ 88
SS-IIIC OPERATIONAL SEQUENCE ................................... 89
Core Modification Domain ..................................... 89
Platform Maintenance ......................................... 89
Direction of Core Exploitation ............................... 91
Dorsal Surface Convexity System .............................. 94
Tool Manufacture ............................................. 95
ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF SS-IIID ................ 95
General Description of the Assemblage ........................ 95
Ss-IIId Operational Sequence ................................ 95
SS-IIIC IN ITS REGIONAL AND INTERREGIONAL CONTEXTS ............. 98
CONCLUSIONS: SS-IIIC IN THE MIDDLE TO UPPER PALEOLITHIC
TRANSITION .................................................... 100
REFERENCES .................................................... 105
CHAPTER NINE
BOHUNICIAN TECHNOLOGY: A REFITTING APPROACH
Petr Škrdla ................................................... 119
HISTORY OF RESEARCH ........................................... 119
HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL STUDIES .............................. 119
RECONSTRUCTED SEQUENCES ....................................... 120
S01/84 ...................................................... 120
S08/84 ...................................................... 122
S01/94 ...................................................... 123
S04a/93 and S04b/93 ......................................... 124
S02/94 ...................................................... 126
S02/93 ...................................................... 127
S03/94 ...................................................... 128
Core Inv. No. 01219-57/82 ................................... 128
Core Inv. No. 01219-66/82 ................................... 128
S03/93 ...................................................... 128
S07/84 ...................................................... 129
S06/84 ...................................................... 131
S03/84 ...................................................... 131
S04/84 ...................................................... 132
S20/00 ...................................................... 132
S21/00 ...................................................... 133
S22/00 ...................................................... 134
S24/00a and S24/00b ......................................... 134
S25/00 ...................................................... 135
S26/00 ...................................................... 135
S29/00 ...................................................... 136
Preparation of Striking Platforms: A Steplike Pattern ....... 137
Sequence with Levallois point, Inv. No. 01219-77/84 ......... 137
S02/94 ...................................................... 138
S04/84 ...................................................... 138
Reconstructed Tools ......................................... 138
THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOST COMPLETELY
RECONSTRUCTED SS-IIIC ASSEMBLAGES ............................. 138
CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 139
"General Rules" for Describing the Bohunician Technology
Resulting from Refitting .................................... 139
Chaîne Opératoire: Definition of the Bohunician Technology .. 139
Comparison to Other Early Upper Paleolithic Assemblages ..... 149
REFERENCES .................................................... 150
CHAPTER TEN
BOHUNICIAN AND AURIGNACIAN TYPOLOGY AT STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA
Jiři A. Svoboda ............................................... 153
BOHUNICIAN ASSEMBLAGES ........................................ 153
Ss-IIa-5 .................................................... 153
Ss-III-5 .................................................... 154
Ss-IIIa: 1983 ............................................... 155
Ss-IIIa-4 ................................................... 155
Ss-IIIb-5 ................................................... 156
Ss-IIIc-5 ................................................... 156
Ss-IIId-5 ................................................... 157
Aurignacian assemblages ....................................... 157
Ss-II ....................................................... 157
Ss-IIa-4 .................................................... 157
Ss-IIa-3 .................................................... 161
Ss-IIIa-3 ................................................... 161
Ss-IIIb-4 ................................................... 161
Lithic material and typology .................................. 162
Coarser industries ............................................ 163
Comparison on the moravian scale .............................. 163
References .................................................... 165
CHAPTER ELEVEN
USE-WEAR ANALYSIS
Andrea Šajnerová .............................................. 167
MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................... 167
RESULTS ....................................................... 168
CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 171
REFERENCES .................................................... 171
CHAPTER TWELVE
DISCUSSION
Ofer Bar-Yosef and Jiři A. Svoboda ............................ 173
REFERENCES .................................................... 177
APPENDIX A
GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY OF STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA
Vladimir Hašek ................................................ 181
METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY ..................................... 181
RESULTS OF THE GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY ............................. 182
CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 182
REFERENCES .................................................... 185
APPENDIX B
QUATERNARY GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA
Pavel Havliček and Jiři A. Svoboda ............................ 187
JURASSIC ...................................................... 187
TERTIARY ...................................................... 188
QUATERNARY .................................................... 188
SS-II: 1985 ................................................... 188
SS-IIA: 1986-1987 ............................................. 188
SS-III: 1982 .................................................. 188
SS-IIIA: 1983 ................................................. 189
SS-IIIA: 1984 ................................................. 191
SS-IIIB WEST: 1988-1989 ....................................... 192
SS-IIIB EAST: 1988-1989 ....................................... 192
SS-IIIC: 1997 AND 1999 ........................................ 192
SS-IIID: 1998 ................................................. 194
SS-IIIE: 1998 ................................................. 196
SS-IIIF: 1999 ................................................. 196
SS-IV: 1985-1987 .............................................. 196
CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 197
REFERENCES .................................................... 198
APPENDIX C
SOIL MICROMORPHOLOGY AT STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA
Libuše Smoliková .............................................. 199
SS-IIIC: SAMPLE 1997 .......................................... 199
Micromorphological Characteristics .......................... 199
Genetic Assessment .......................................... 199
SS-IIIC: SAMPLE 1999 .......................................... 199
Micromorphological Characteristics .......................... 200
Genetic Assessment .......................................... 200
SS-IIID ....................................................... 200
Micromorphological Characteristics .......................... 200
Genetic As ses sment ........................................ 201
SS-IIIE ....................................................... 201
Micromorphological Characteristics .......................... 201
Genetic Assessment .......................................... 202
characteristics of the artifact-bearing paleosols ........... 202
REFERENCES .................................................... 202
APPENDIX D
FROST FEATURES AT STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA
Tadeás Czudek ................................................. 203
SS-IIA: 1986-1987 ............................................. 203
SS-iii ........................................................ 203
SS-IMA: 1984 .................................................. 204
SS-IIIB: 1988-1989 ............................................ 204
SS-IIIC: 1997 AND 1999 ........................................ 204
SS-IIID: 1998 ................................................. 207
SS-IIIE: 1998 ................................................. 207
CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 207
REFERENCES .................................................... 207
APPENDIX E
TIME-SPACE PATTERNS IN VEGETATION AT STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA
Helena Svobodová .............................................. 209
Bohun1cian: ss-lll-5 and ss-iiia-4 ............................ 209
Aurignacian: ss-ii, ss-lll-2, and ss-im-3 ..................... 209
Conclusions ................................................... 211
References .................................................... 211
APPENDIX F
THE EARLY UPPER PALEOLITHIC FAUNA FROM STRÁNSKÁ SKÁLA
Rudolf Musil .................................................. 213
STATE OF PRESERVATION ......................................... 213
ANALYSIS OF THE OSTEOLOGICAL MATERIAL ......................... 214
Equus sp. ................................................... 214
Bos sp./Bison sp. ........................................... 215
CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 217
REFERENCES .................................................... 218
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