Units and symbols ............................................ xiii
1 Fusion ....................................................... 1
1.1 Fusion and tokamaks ..................................... 2
1.2 Fusion reactions ........................................ 3
1.3 Thermonuclear fusion .................................... 5
1.4 Power balance ........................................... 8
1.5 Ignition ............................................... 10
1.6 Tokamaks ............................................... 13
1.7 Tokamak reactor ........................................ 15
1.8 Fuel resources ......................................... 21
1.9 Tokamak economics ...................................... 23
1.10 Tokamak research ....................................... 24
2 Plasma physics .............................................. 29
2.1 Tokamak plasma ......................................... 30
2.2 Debye shielding ........................................ 31
2.3 Plasma frequency ....................................... 34
2.4 Larmor orbits .......................................... 36
2.5 Particle motion along В ................................ 38
2.6 Particle drifts ........................................ 40
2.7 Adiabatic invariants ................................... 45
2.8 Collisions ............................................. 47
2.9 Kinetic equations ...................................... 51
2.10 Fokker-Planck equation ................................. 53
2.11 Gyro-averaged kinetic equations ........................ 54
2.12 Fokker-Planck equation for a plasma .................... 56
2.13 Fokker-Planck coefficients for Maxwellian
distributions .......................................... 58
2.14 Relaxation processes ................................... 61
2.15 Collision times ........................................ 65
2.16 Resistivity ............................................ 66
2.17 Runaway electrons ...................................... 68
2.18 Electromagnetism ....................................... 71
2.19 Fluid equations ........................................ 73
2.20 Magnetohydrodynamics ................................... 75
2.21 Physics of plasma fluid ................................ 77
2.22 Plasma diamagnetism .................................... 80
2.23 Braginskii equations ................................... 84
2.24 Plasma waves ........................................... 90
2.25 Landau damping ......................................... 96
3 Equilibrium ................................................ 101
3.1 Tokamak equilibrium ................................... 102
3.2 Flux functions ........................................ 104
3.3 Grad-Shafranov equation ............................... 105
3.4 Safety factor, q ...................................... 107
3.5 Beta .................................................. 111
3.6 Large aspect-ratio .................................... 113
3.7 Shafranov shift ....................................... 115
3.8 Vacuum magnetic field ................................. 117
3.9 Electric fields ....................................... 119
3.10 Particle orbits ....................................... 120
3.11 Particle trapping ..................................... 123
3.12 Trapped particle orbits ............................... 125
3.13 Plasma rotation ....................................... 128
3.14 Current drive ......................................... 131
4 Confinement ................................................ 143
4.1 Tokamak confinement ................................... 144
4.2 Resistive plasma diffusion ............................ 146
4.3 Diffusion in a cylinder ............................... 148
4.4 Pfirsch-Schltiter current ............................. 149
4.5 Pfirsch-Schliiter diffusion ........................... 152
4.6 Banana regime transport ............................... 153
4.7 Plateau transport ..................................... 161
4.8 Ware pinch effect ..................................... 163
4.9 Bootstrap current ..................................... 166
4.10 Neoclassical resistivity .............................. 168
4.11 Ripple transport ...................................... 169
4.12 Confinement modes and scaling expressions ............. 175
4.13 H-modes ............................................... 180
4.14 Internal transport barriers ........................... 183
4.15 Scaling laws .......................................... 185
4.16 Transport coefficients ................................ 190
4.17 Fluctuations .......................................... 193
4.18 Turbulence-induced transport .......................... 197
4.19 Radial electric field shear and transport ............. 205
4.20 Candidate modes ....................................... 208
4.21 Turbulence simulations ................................ 212
4.22 Critical gradients, edge transport barrier and
pedestal .............................................. 216
4.23 Impurity transport .................................... 220
4.24 Experimental discoveries .............................. 224
4.25 Radiation losses ...................................... 228
4.26 Impurity radiation .................................... 230
5 Heating .................................................... 237
5.1 Heating ............................................... 238
5.2 Ohmic heating ......................................... 240
5.3 Neutral beam injection ................................ 244
5.4 Neutral beam heating .................................. 246
5.5 Neutral beam production ............................... 253
5.6 Radio frequency heating ............................... 258
5.7 Physics of radio frequency heating .................... 261
5.8 Ion cyclotron resonance heating ....................... 270
5.9 Lower hybrid resonance heating ........................ 286
5.10 Electron cyclotron resonance heating .................. 290
6 Mhd stability .............................................. 303
6.1 Mhd stability ......................................... 304
6.2 Stability theory ...................................... 306
6.3 Growth rates .......................................... 307
6.4 Energy principle ...................................... 309
6.5 Tokamak instabilities ................................. 311
6.6 Large aspect-ratio tokamak ............................ 312
6.7 Kink instability ...................................... 313
6.8 Tearing modes ......................................... 317
6.9 Tearing stability ..................................... 323
6.10 Internal kink ......................................... 328
6.11 Resistive m = 1 modes ................................. 331
6.12 Localized modes ....................................... 335
6.13 Ballooning modes ...................................... 336
6.14 Ballooning stability .................................. 339
6.15 Axisymmetric modes .................................... 341
6.16 Resistive wall mode ................................... 342
6.17 Toroidal Alfven eigenmodes ............................ 343
6.18 limit ................................................. 347
7 Instabilities .............................................. 355
7.1 Instabilities ......................................... 356
7.2 Magnetic islands ...................................... 358
7.3 Tearing modes ......................................... 360
7.4 Mirnov instabilities .................................. 366
7.5 Current penetration ................................... 368
7.6 Sawtooth oscillations ................................. 369
7.7 Disruptions ........................................... 378
7.8 Causes of disruptions ................................. 380
7.9 Physics of disruptions ................................ 386
7.10 Mode locking .......................................... 394
7.11 Error field instability ............................... 398
7.12 Vertical instability .................................. 400
7.13 Ergodicity ............................................ 401
7.14 Fishbone instability .................................. 403
7.15 Alfven instability .................................... 406
7.16 MARFEs ................................................ 413
7.17 ELMs .................................................. 415
7.18 Operational overview .................................. 419
8 Microinstabilities ......................................... 425
8.1 Microinstabilities .................................... 426
8.2 Electron drift wave ................................... 428
8.3 Passing particle instabilities ........................ 430
8.4 Trapped particle instabilities ........................ 438
8.5 Micro-tearing modes ................................... 443
9 Plasma-surface interactions ................................ 451
9.1 Plasma-surface interactions ........................... 452
9.2 The plasma sheath ..................................... 454
9.3 Limiters .............................................. 458
9.4 The scrape-off layer .................................. 460
9.5 Recycling and tritium inventory ....................... 463
9.6 Atomic and molecular processes ........................ 470
9.7 Wall conditioning ..................................... 474
9.8 Sputtering ............................................ 478
9.9 Choice of materials ................................... 485
9.10 Arcing ................................................ 488
9.11 Divertors ............................................. 490
9.12 Heat flux, evaporation, and heat transfer ............. 504
10 Diagnostics ................................................ 509
10.1 Tokamak diagnostics ................................... 510
10.2 Magnetic measurements ................................. 514
10.3 Interferometry ........................................ 522
10.4 Reflectometry ......................................... 527
10.5 Measurement of electron temperature ................... 530
10.6 Ion temperature and the ion distribution function ..... 540
10.7 Radiation from plasmas ................................ 546
10.8 Total radiation measurements .......................... 556
10.9 Tomography ............................................ 559
10.10 Langmuir probes ...................................... 561
10.11 Measurements of fluctuations ......................... 567
10.12 Determination of the q-profile ....................... 574
10.13 Fusion product measurements .......................... 577
11 Tokamak experiments ........................................ 591
11.1 Tokamak experiments ................................... 592
11.2 T-3 ................................................... 593
11.3 ST .................................................... 594
11.4 JFT-2 ................................................. 596
11.5 Alcator A, Alcator C, and Alcator C-Mod ............... 597
11.6 TFR ................................................... 601
11.7 DITE .................................................. 602
11.8 PLT ................................................... 604
11.9 T-10 .................................................. 605
11.10 ISX .................................................. 606
11.11 FT and FT Upgrade .................................... 606
11.12 Doublet-III .......................................... 609
11.13 ASDEX ................................................ 610
11.14 TEXT ................................................. 612
11.15 TEXTOR ............................................... 613
11.16 Tore Supra ........................................... 616
11.17 COMPASS .............................................. 619
11.18 RTP .................................................. 621
11.19 START ................................................ 623
11.20 MAST ................................................. 624
11.21 NSTX ................................................. 626
11.22 TCV .................................................. 627
11.23 Tokamak parameters ................................... 630
12 Large Tokamaks ............................................. 633
12.1 Large Tokamaks ........................................ 634
12.2 TFTR .................................................. 637
12.3 JET ................................................... 657
12.4 JT-60/JT-60U .......................................... 689
12.5 DIII-D ................................................ 710
12.6 ASDEX Upgrade ......................................... 736
12.7 EAST .................................................. 751
12.8 KSTAR ................................................. 752
13 The future ................................................. 761
13.1 Status ................................................ 762
13.2 Strategy .............................................. 763
13.3 Reactor requirements .................................. 764
13.4 Reactor power balance ................................. 767
13.5 ITER .................................................. 772
13.6 ITER - Performance assessment ......................... 777
13.7 Prospects ............................................. 782
14 Appendix ................................................... 785
14.1 Vector relations ...................................... 786
14.2 Differential operators ................................ 786
14.3 Units—conversions ..................................... 788
14.4 Physical constants .................................... 789
14.5 Coulomb logarithm ..................................... 789
14.6 Collision times ....................................... 793
14.7 Lengths ............................................... 795
14.8 Frequencies ........................................... 797
14.9 Velocities ............................................ 798
14.10 Resistivity .......................................... 799
14.11 Chang-Hinton formula for χi .......................... 801
14.12 Bootstrap current .................................... 802
14.13 Confinement scaling relations ........................ 803
14.14 Plasma shape ......................................... 805
14.15 Formulae ............................................. 805
14.16 Symbols .............................................. 806
Index ......................................................... 809
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