Foreword ..................................................... xiii
Preface ........................................................ xv
1 Introduction to Wireless Circuit Design ...................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................ 1
1.2 System Functions ........................................ 3
1.3 The Radio Channel and Modulation Requirements ........... 5
1.3.1 Introduction ..................................... 5
1.3.2 Channel Impulse Response ......................... 7
1.3.3 Doppler Effect .................................. 12
1.3.4 Transfer Function ............................... 13
1.3.5 Time Response of Channel Impulse Response and
Transfer Function ............................... 14
1.3.6 Lessons Learned ................................. 16
1.3.7 Wireless Signal Example: The TDMA System in
GSM ............................................. 17
1.3.8 From GSM to UMTS to LTE ......................... 28
1.4 About Bits, Symbols, and Waveforms ..................... 29
1.4.1 Introduction .................................... 29
1.4.2 Some Fundamentals of Digital Modulation
Techniques ...................................... 37
1.5 Analysis of Wireless Systems ........................... 50
1.5.1 Analog and Digital Receiver Designs ............. 50
1.5.2 Transmitters .................................... 57
1.6 Building Blocks ........................................ 78
1.7 System Specifications and Their Relationship to
Circuit Design ......................................... 79
1.7.1 System Noise and Noise Floor .................... 80
1.7.2 System Amplitude and Phase Behavior ............. 89
1.8 Testing ............................................... 108
1.8.1 Introduction ................................... 108
1.8.2 Transmission and Reception Quality ............. 112
1.8.3 Base Station Simulation ........................ 113
1.8.4 GSM ............................................ 122
1.8.5 DECT ........................................... 122
1.9 Converting C/N or SNR to EB/N0 ........................ 123
References ............................................ 124
Further Reading ....................................... 125
2 Models for Active Devices .................................. 127
2.1 Diodes ................................................ 128
2.1.1 Large-Signal Diode Model ....................... 129
2.1.2 Mixer and Detector Diodes ...................... 133
2.1.3 PIN Diodes ..................................... 141
2.1.4 Tuning Diodes .................................. 158
2.2 Bipolar Transistors ................................... 203
2.2.1 Transistor Structure Types ..................... 203
2.2.2 Large-Signal Behavior of Bipolar Transistors ... 204
2.2.3 Large-Signal Transistors in the Forward-
Active Region .................................. 218
2.2.4 Improving RF Performance by Means of
Heterostructures ............................... 225
2.2.5 Effects of Collector Voltage on Large-Signal
Characteristics in the Forward-Active Region
of BJTs ........................................ 226
2.2.6 Effects of Collector Current and Voltage on
Large-Signal Characteristics in the Forward-
Active Region of HBTs .......................... 229
2.2.7 Saturation and Inverse Active Regions .......... 231
2.2.8 Self-Heating ................................... 236
2.2.9 Small-Signal Models of Bipolar Transistors ..... 239
2.3 Field-Effect Transistors .............................. 239
2.4 Large-Signal Behavior of JFETs ........................ 248
2.4.1 Small-Signal Behavior of JFETs ................. 251
2.4.2 Large-Signal Behavior of MOSFETs ............... 256
2.4.3 Small-Signal Model of the MOS Transistor in
Saturation ..................................... 263
2.4.4 Short-Channel Effects in FETs .................. 267
2.4.5 Small-Signal Models of MOSFETs ................. 272
2.4.6 III-V MESFETs and HEMTs ........................ 289
2.4.7 Small-Signal GaAs MESFET and HEMT Model ........ 298
2.5 Parameter Extraction of Active Devices ................ 324
2.5.1 Introduction ................................... 324
2.5.2 Typical SPICE Parameters ....................... 324
2.5.3 Noise Modeling ................................. 326
2.5.4 Scalable Device Models ......................... 334
2.5.5 Generating a Databank for Parameter
Extraction ..................................... 334
2.5.6 Conclusions .................................... 345
2.5.7 Device Libraries ............................... 347
2.5.8 Physics-Based MESFET Modeling .................. 348
2.5.9 Example: Improving the BFR193W Model ........... 351
References ................................................. 355
Further Reading ............................................ 357
3 Amplifier Design with BJTs and FETs ........................ 359
3.1 Properties of Amplifiers .............................. 359
3.1.1 Introduction ................................... 359
3.1.2 Gain ........................................... 364
3.1.3 Noise Figure (NF) .............................. 369
3.1.4 Linearity ...................................... 397
3.1.5 AGC ............................................ 413
3.1.6 Bias and Power Voltage and Current (Power
Consumption) ................................... 417
3.2 Amplifier Gain, Stability, and Matching ............... 423
3.2.1 Scattering Parameter Relationships ............. 423
3.2.2 Low-Noise Amplifiers ........................... 429
3.2.3 High-Gain Amplifiers ........................... 467
3.2.4 Low-Voltage Open-Collector Design .............. 476
3.3 Single-Stage Feedback Amplifiers ...................... 484
3.3.1 Lossless or Noiseless Feedback ................. 489
3.3.2 Broadband Matching ............................. 490
3.4 Two-Stage Amplifiers .................................. 490
3.5 Amplifiers with Three or More Stages .................. 499
3.5.1 Stability of Multistage Amplifiers ............. 504
3.6 A Novel Approach to Voltage-Controlled Tuned Filters
Including CAD Validation .............................. 505
3.6.1 Diode Performance .............................. 505
3.6.2 A VHF Example .................................. 508
3.6.3 An HF/VHF Voltage-Controlled Filter ............ 508
3.6.4 Improving the VHF Filter ....................... 513
3.6.5 Conclusion ..................................... 514
3.7 Differential Amplifiers ............................... 514
3.8 Frequency Doublers .................................... 518
3.9 Multistage Amplifiers with Automatic Gain Control
(AGC) ................................................. 524
3.10 Biasing ............................................... 524
3.10.1 RF Biasing ..................................... 535
3.10.2 dc Biasing ..................................... 535
3.10.3 dc Biasing of IC-Type Amplifiers ............... 539
3.11 Push-Pull/Parallel Amplifiers ......................... 539
3.12 Power Amplifiers ...................................... 542
3.12.1 Example 1: 7-W Class С BJT Amplifier for 1.6
GHz ............................................ 552
3.12.2 Example: A Highly Efficient 3.5 GHz Inverse
Class-F GaN HEMT Power Amplifier ............... 565
3.12.3 Linear Amplifier Systems ....................... 575
3.12.4 Impedance Matching Networks Applied to RF
Power Transistors .............................. 585
3.12.5 Example 2: Low-Noise Amplifier Using
Distributed Elements ........................... 606
3.12.6 Example 3: 1-W Amplifier Using the CLY15 ....... 612
3.12.7 Example 4: 90-W Push-Pull BJT Amplifier at
430 MHz ........................................ 617
3.12.8 Quasiparallel Transistors for Improved
Linearity ...................................... 621
3.12.9 Distribution Amplifiers ........................ 622
3.12.10 Stability Analysis of a Power Amplifier ....... 623
References ............................................ 631
Further Reading ....................................... 635
4 Mixer Design ............................................... 637
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 637
4.2 Properties of Mixers .................................. 640
4.2.1 Conversion Gain/Loss ........................... 640
4.2.2 Noise Figure ................................... 642
4.2.3 Linearity ...................................... 650
4.2.4 LO Drive Level ................................. 652
4.2.5 Interport Isolation ............................ 652
4.2.6 PortVSWR ....................................... 652
4.2.7 dc Offset ...................................... 654
4.2.8 dc Polarity .................................... 654
4.2.9 Power Consumption .............................. 654
4.3 Diode Mixers .......................................... 654
4.3.1 Single-Diode Mixer ............................. 655
4.3.2 Single-Balanced Mixer .......................... 664
4.3.3 Diode-Ring Mixer ............................... 666
4.4 Transistor Mixers ..................................... 685
4.4.1 ВJT Gilbert Cell ............................... 686
4.4.2 BJT Gilbert Cell with Feedback ................. 689
4.4.3 FET Mixers ..................................... 697
4.4.4 MOSFET Gilbert Cell ............................ 700
4.4.5 GaAsFET Single-Gate Switch - Resistive Mixer ... 701
References ................................................. 725
Further Reading ............................................ 726
5 RF/Wireless Oscillators .................................... 727
5.1 Introduction of Frequency Control ..................... 727
5.2 Background ............................................ 727
5.3 Oscillator Design ..................................... 728
5.3.1 Basics of Oscillators .......................... 730
5.4 Oscillator Circuits ................................... 744
5.4.1 Hartley ........................................ 744
5.4.2 Colpitis ....................................... 745
5.4.3 Clapp-Gouriet .................................. 745
5.5 Design of RF Oscillators .............................. 746
5.5.1 General Thoughts on Transistor Oscillators ..... 746
5.5.2 Two-Port Microwave/RF Oscillator Design ........ 749
5.5.3 Ceramic-Resonator Oscillators .................. 754
5.5.4 Using a Microstrip Inductor as the Oscillator
Resonator ...................................... 757
5.5.5 Hartley Microstrip Resonator Oscillator ........ 763
5.5.6 Crystal Oscillators ............................ 763
5.5.7 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators ................. 768
5.5.8 Diode-Tuned Resonant Circuits .................. 770
5.5.9 Practical Circuits ............................. 775
5.6 Noise in Oscillators .................................. 781
5.6.1 Linear Approach to the Calculation of
Oscillator Phase Noise ......................... 781
5.6.2 Phase-Noise Analysis Based on the Feedback
Model .......................................... 789
5.6.3 AM-to-PM Conversion ............................ 792
5.6.4 Numerically Optimized Oscillators .............. 800
5.7 Oscillators in Practice ............................... 803
5.7.1 Oscillator Specifications ...................... 803
5.7.2 More Practical Circuits ........................ 808
5.8 Phase-Noise Improvements of Integrated RF and
Millimeterwave Oscillators ............................ 814
5.8.1 Abstract ....................................... 814
5.8.2 Review of Noise Analysis ....................... 815
5.8.3 Workarounds .................................... 818
5.8.4 Reduction of Flicker Noise ..................... 819
5.8.5 Applications to Integrated Oscillators ......... 820
5.8.6 Summary ........................................ 826
References ............................................ 826
Interesting Patents ........................................ 828
Further Reading ............................................ 828
6 Wireless Synthesizers ...................................... 831
6.1 Introduction .......................................... 831
6.2 Phase-Locked Loops .................................... 831
6.2.1 PLL Basics ..................................... 831
6.2.2 Phase-Frequency Comparators .................... 834
6.2.3 Filters for Phase Detectors Providing Voltage
Output ......................................... 845
6.2.4 Charge-Pump-Based Phase-Locked Loops ........... 850
6.3 How to Do a Practical PLL Design Using CAD ............ 859
6.4 Fractional-N-Division PLL Synthesis ................... 864
6.4.1 The Fractional-N Principle ..................... 864
6.4.2 Spur-Suppression Techniques .................... 866
6.5 Direct Digital Synthesis ......................... 871
References ................................................. 879
Interesting Patents ........................................ 880
Further Reading ............................................ 881
Index ......................................................... 883
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