Preface to the first edition ................................... xi
Preface to the second edition ................................ xiii
Chapter 1 Preparation of Supported Metal Catalysts ............. 1
Guido Mul and Jacob A. Moulijn
1.1 Introduction ............................................... 1
1.2 General Description of Preparation Methods ................. 4
1.2.1 Impregnation ......................................... 4
1.3 Case Studies .............................................. 18
1.3.1 Impregnation: preparation of Pt catalysts, the
effect of the pre-treatment conditions ............. 19
1.3.2 Precipitation vs. impregnation by ion-exchange:
Au precursors and the effect of the method of ...... 23
1.3.1 preparation and selected support on performance
in selective epoxidation of propene over Au/TiO2
catalysts
1.3.3 Co-precipitation: preparation of advanced
CaCO3 supported Ag catalysts ........................ 29
1.4 General Conclusions on the Preparation of Metal
Catalysts ................................................. 35
Chapter 2 Determination of Dispersion and Crystallite
Sizes for Supported Metal Catalysts ............................ 41
A. Anderson, M. Fernández-García and A. Martínez-Arias
2.1 Introduction .............................................. 41
2.2 General Considerations .................................... 42
2.2.1 Physical methods ................................... 42
2.2.2 Chemical methods ................................... 49
Chapter 3 Imaging and Microanalysis of Supported
Metal Catalysts in the Analytical Electron Microscope .......... 81
Andrew A. Herzing and Christopher J. Kiely
3.1 Introduction .............................................. 81
3.2 Electron-Specimen Interactions ............................ 82
3.3 Imaging Supported Metal Particles in the ТЕМ .............. 84
3.4 Imaging Supported Metal Nanoparticles in the STEM ......... 94
3.5 Other Technical Developments ............................. 100
3.6 Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) for Catalyst
Research ................................................. 101
3.7 The Origin of Microanalytical Signals .................... 101
3.8 X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (XEDS)
of Supported Metal Catalysts ............................. 103
3.9 Core-Loss Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
(EELS) of Supported Metal Catalysts ...................... 111
3.10 Summary ................................................. 117
Chapter 4 Characterization of Supported Metal
Catalysts by Spectroscopic Techniques ......................... 121
M. Fernández-García and J.A. Anderson
4.1 Introduction ............................................. 121
4.2 Main Properties of Monometallic Systems .................. 122
4.3 Main Properties of Bimetallic Systems .................... 125
4.4 In situ Characterization ................................. 129
4.4.1 X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopies ...... 129
4.4.2 Novel diffraction approaches ...................... 145
4.4.3 Vibrational spectroscopy .......................... 148
4.4.4 Valence and core photoelectron spectroscopies ..... 159
4.4.5 Other techniques .................................. 163
Chapter 5 Supported Metal Catalysts for Fine
Chemicals Synthesis ........................................... 177
R.P.K. Wells and J.A. Anderson
5.1 Introduction ............................................. 177
5.2 Selective Hydrogenation over Supported Metal Catalysts ... 178
5.2.1 Overview .......................................... 178
5.2.2 Hydrogenation of buta-1,3-diene over
non-modified metal catalysts ...................... 180
5.2.3 The Hydrogenation of buta-1,3-diene over
modified metal catalysts .......................... 184
5.2.4 Hydrogenation of cx,P-unsaturated aldehydes
over non-modified metal catalysts ................. 185
5.2.5 The hydrogenation of a,P-unsaturated aldehydes
over modified metal catalysts ..................... 187
5.3 Selective Oxidation ...................................... 191
5.3.1 Supported platinum-group metals ................... 191
5.3.2 Supported gold and silver ......................... 193
5.3.3 Catalyst deactivation ............................. 195
5.4 Enantioselective Reactions ............................... 196
5.4.1 Enantioselective hydrogenation of activated
ketones over supported platinum ................... 197
5.4.2 Enantioselective hydrogenation over other
supported metals .................................. 206
5.5 Conclusions .............................................. 208
Chapter 6 Supported Gold in CO Oxidation, the Water-Gas
Shift, and DeSOx Reactions .................................... 217
Jose A. Rodriguez
6.1 Introduction ............................................. 217
6.2 Oxidation of CO on Supported Gold Nanoparticles .......... 218
6.3 Water-Gas Shift Reaction on Supported Gold
Nanoparticles ............................................ 224
6.4 Decomposition of SO2 on Supported Gold Nanoparticles ..... 236
6.5 Conclusion .............................................. 241
Chapter 7 Recent Progress in Supported Metal-Catalysed
C1 Chemistry .................................................. 247
A. Guerrero-Ruiz and I. Rodríguez-Ramos
7.1 Introduction ............................................. 247
7.2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis ................................ 250
7.3 Methanol Production and Higher Alcohols from Syngas ...... 265
7.4 Hydrogenation Reactions and Other Possibilities
Aimed to Re-use CO2 ...................................... 274
7.5 Hydroformylation of Olefins with Synthesis Gas ........... 279
7.6 Catalysed Reactions Involving CH4 ....................... 282
7.7 CH3OH to Hydrocarbons and to Other Intermediate
Compounds ................................................ 283
Chapter 8 Supported Metals in the Production of Hydrogen ..... 301
J.L.G. Fierro, M.A. Реñа and M.C. Alvarez-Galvan
8.1 Introduction ............................................. 301
8.2 Methane Conversion ....................................... 302
8.2.1 Steam methane reforming ........................... 303
8.2.2 Methane decomposition ............................. 313
8.2.3 Partial oxidation and dry reforming of methane .... 329
8.3 Alcohol Conversion ....................................... 349
8.3.1 Methanol .......................................... 349
8.3.2 Ethanol oxidation ................................. 366
8.4 Conversion of Other Hydrocarbon Feeds .................... 382
Chapter 9 Supported Metals for Application in Fuel Cells ..... 407
Sergio Rojas, María Victoria Martínez-Huerta and M.A. Реñа
9.1 Introduction ............................................. 407
9.2 Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction .............................. 411
9.3 H2/CO Electrooxidation ................................... 415
9.3.1 Pt electrocatalysts ............................... 415
9.3.2 CO tolerant catalysts ............................. 418
9.4 Electrooxidation of Methanol ............................. 422
9.5 Electrooxidation of Ethanol .............................. 430
9.6 Oxygen Reduction Reaction ................................ 432
9.6.1 Reaction mechanism ................................ 434
9.6.2 Electrocatalysts for the ORR ...................... 437
9.7 Preparation of Carbon Supported Platinum ................. 447
9.7.1 Synthesis methods ................................. 448
9.7.2 Synthesis of bimetallic and ternary catalysts ..... 451
9.8 Catalyst Supports ........................................ 456
9.8.1 Carbon blacks ..................................... 457
9.8.2 New carbon materials .............................. 467
9.9 Conclusions and Future Trends ............................ 470
Chapter 10 Supported Metals in Vehicle Emission Control ....... 493
A. Martínez-Arias, José C. Conesa, M. Fernández-Garcia and
J. A. Anderson
10.1 Introduction ............................................. 493
10.2 Emissions Produced at Stoichiometric Conditions .......... 495
10.2.1 Classical TWC ..................................... 495
10.2.2 Modern TWC ........................................ 500
10.3 Lean-burn Emissions ...................................... 511
10.3.1 Oxidation catalysts ............................... 512
10.3.2 Treatment of soot ................................. 514
10.3.3 Catalysts for selective reduction of NOx
with hydrocarbons ................................. 516
10.3.4 Catalysts for NH3-or urea-SCR ..................... 532
10.4 Mixed Oscillating Emissions .............................. 534
10.4.1 NOx storage and reduction catalysts ............... 534
Index ......................................................... 553
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