List of text-figures .......................................... vii
List of plates ................................................. ix
List of tables ................................................. xi
Introductory Note ............................................ xiii
Foreword by Sir W.E. Le Gros Clark, f.r.s. ..................... xv
Editor's Note ................................................ xvii
Acknowledgements ............................................ xviii
I Introduction ............................................... 1
Anatomical terminology ..................................... 3
Classificatory nomenclature ................................ 4
Plan of the study .......................................... 5
II Preservation and reconstruction of the cranium ............. 6
III The cranial vault .......................................... 9
A The curvature and components of the vault ................ 9
В The supra-orbital height index .......................... 16
С The sagittal and nuchal crests .......................... 19
IV The basis cranii externa .................................. 26
A The occipital bone ...................................... 26
В The temporal bone ....................................... 28
С The sphenoid bone and related structures ................ 42
V Certain critical angles and indices of the cranium ........ 43
A The planum nuchale: tilt and height ..................... 43
В The foramen magnum: position and plane .................. 45
С The porion position indices ............................. 48
D The position of the occipital condyles and the poise
of the head ............................................. 49
VI The interior of the calvaria .............................. 53
A The endocranial surface of the frontal bone ............. 53
В The endocranial surface of the parietal bones ........... 54
С The basis cranii interna ................................ 54
D The venous sinuses of the dura mater .................... 63
VII The thickness of the cranial bones ........................ 72
A Robusticity owing to pneumatisation ..................... 72
В Robusticity owing to ectocranial ........................ 73
superstructures С The thinness of the parietal bones ...... 73
VIII The endocranial cast of Zinjanthropus ..................... 77
A The cranial capacity of Zinjanthropus ................... 77
В The cranial capacities of the australopithecines ........ 78
С Australopithecine capacities compared with those of
other hominoids ......................................... 80
D Cranial capacity in relation to body size ............... 86
E Morphological features of the endocranial cast .......... 87
F The pattern of meningeal vascular markings .............. 93
IX Metrical characters of the calvaria as a whole ............ 95
A Cranial length and the toro-occipital index ............. 95
В The position of euryon and the maximum cranial breadth .. 99
С The postero-anterior tapering of the cranial vault ..... 100
D The height of the cranial vault ........................ 101
E Some metrical features of the base of the calvaria ..... 103
X The structure of the face ................................ 104
A The supra-orbital torus ................................ 104
В The orbits and the interorbital area ................... 106
С The nose ............................................... 109
D The maxillary and zygomatic bones ...................... 113
E Facial measurements and indices and calvariofacial
indices ................................................ 123
XI The pneumatisation of the Zinjanthropus cranium .......... 126
A The maxillary sinus .................................... 126
В The frontal sinus ...................................... 127
С Pneumatisation of the nasoorbital region ............... 128
D The sphenoidal sinus ................................... 129
E Pneumatisation of the temporal bone .................... 130
F Developmental aspects of pneumatisation ................ 130
XII The dental arcade and the palate ......................... 132
A The shape of the dental arcade alveolar process and
palate ................................................. 132
В The front of the alveolar process ...................... 137
С The arrangement of teeth in the arcade: evidence of
dental crowding ........................................ 138
XIII The pattern of dental attrition and occlusion, with
comments on enamel hypoplasia ............................ 139
A Attrition of individual teeth .......................... 139
В The pattern of attrition and occlusion ................. 140
С The state of the enamel ................................ 141
XIV The size of individual teeth, absolute and relative ...... 144
A Notes on methodology and terminology ................... 144
В Dimensions of the incisors ............................. 147
С Dimensions of the canines .............................. 152
D Canine-premolar ratios ................................. 153
E Ratios of premolar dimensions to premolar-molar
chords ................................................. 157
F Dimensions of the premolars ............................ 158
G Dimensions of the molars ............................... 162
H Ratios of molar dimensions to premolar-molar chords .... 165
I Relative molar size .................................... 166
XV The size of the dentition as a whole ..................... 170
A Flower's Dental Index .................................. 170
В 'Tooth material' ....................................... 170
XVI The crown shape index of the teeth ....................... 172
XVII The morphology of the teeth .............................. 175
A The maxillary incisors ................................. 175
В The maxillary canines .................................. 177
С The maxillary premolars ................................ 179
D The maxillary molars ................................... 182
XVIII Summary of cranial and dental features page of
Zinjanthropus ............................................ 193
The cranial vault ........................................ 193
The basis cranii externa ................................. 195
Certain critical angles and indices of the cranium ....... 198
The interior of the calvaria ............................. 200
The thickness of the cranial bones ....................... 203
The endocranial cast of Zinjanthropus .................... 204
Metrical characters of the calvaria as a whole ........... 206
The structure of the face ................................ 207
The pneumatisation of the cranium ........................ 212
The shape of the dental arcade and the palate ............ 213
The pattern of attrition and occlusion ................... 213
The state of the enamel .................................. 214
The size of individual teeth ............................. 214
Shape indices of the teeth ............................... 216
Morphology of the teeth .................................. 217
XIX The taxonomic status of Zinjanthropus and of the
australopithecines in general ............................ 219
A General considerations ................................. 219
В Zinjanthropus a hominid and an australopithecine ....... 223
С The generic and specific status of Zinjanthropus ....... 224
D Formal definitions of Australopithecus and its
species ................................................ 233
XX The cultural and phylogenetic status of
Australopithecus boisei and of the australopithecines
in general ............................................... 236
A Cultural status ........................................ 236
В The place of Australopithecus .......................... 240
boisei and the other australopithecines in hominid
phytogeny
References .................................................... 245
Index ofpersous ............................................... 253
Index of subjects ............................................. 255
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