Preface ........................................................ ix
Executive Summary ............................................ xiii
1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.1 Suicide in Eastern Europe ............................... 1
1.2 The Social Basis of Suicidal Behavior ................... 3
2 Suicide Mortality in Eastern Europe .......................... 8
2.1 Suicide Trends in Estonia, 1965-2009 .................... 8
2.2 Suicide Trends in Latvia ............................... 12
2.3 Suicide Trends in Lithuania, 1988-2008 ................. 17
2.4 Suicide Trends in Belarus, 1980-2008 ................... 21
2.5 Suicide Trends in Russia, 1956-2008 .................... 28
2.6 Suicide Trends in Ukraine, 1988-2010 ................... 31
2.7 Suicide Trends in Hungary, 1920-2007 ................... 34
2.8 Suicide Trends in Poland, 1979-2008 .................... 39
3 Gender, Age, and Rurality/Urbanity Patterns in Suicidal
Behavior .................................................... 50
3.1 Gender, Age, and Suicide ............................... 50
3.2 Rural-Urban Variation in Suicide Rates ................. 54
4 Social and Public Health Determinants of Suicide ............ 65
4.1 Culture, Attitudes, and Suicide ........................ 67
4.2 Socioeconomic Status and Suicide ....................... 69
4.3 Social Change, Civil Society, and Suicide:
Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated with Suicidal
Behavior in Hungary .................................... 72
4.4 Religion/Religiosity as a Determinant of Suicide:
Risk or Protection? .................................... 76
4.5 Alcohol Consumption as a Determinant of Suicidal
Behavior ............................................... 83
5 Suicide Prevention Policies and Programs: Accomplishments
and Gaps .................................................... 94
5.1 Health Care Approach to Suicide Prevention: What
Works? ................................................. 94
5.2 Public Health Approach to Suicide Prevention: What
Works? ................................................. 98
5.3 Suicide Prevention in Adolescents ...................... 99
5.4 The World Health Organization (WHO) and Suicide
Prevention ............................................ 100
5.5 Suicide Prevention in Hungary: More on the
Importance of Social Protection ....................... 106
5.6 Practitioner's Perspective: A Successful Local
Nongovernmental Organization (NGO) .................... 106
5.7 Suicide Through a Social Lens: Implications for
Prevention ............................................ 109
6 Next Steps for the Scientific Community: Research and
Data Needs for Designing Effective Suicide Prevention
Strategies ................................................. 121
6.1 Some General Approaches for Moving Forward ............ 121
6.2 A Role for Historians ................................. 123
6.3 A Role for Economists ................................. 123
6.4 Alcohol Consumption ................................... 125
6.5 Religiosity ........................................... 127
6.6 Social Change ......................................... 127
6.7 Unemployment .......................................... 129
6.8 Depression ............................................ 130
6.9 Conclusion ............................................ 130
Appendix A .................................................... 133
Scientific Program ......................................... 133
Appendix В .................................................... 138
Speaker Biographies ........................................ 138
Appendix С .................................................... 145
List of Participants ....................................... 145
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