List of Authors ................................................. v
Preface ...................................................... xvii
Colour Plates ................................................. xix
1 Introduction to the Cyanobacteria ......................... 1-11
Brian A. Whitton and Malcolm Potts
Summary ......................................................... 1
I What are Cyanobacteria? .................................... 1
II Ecological Diversity in the Past and Present ............... 1
III Morphological Diversity .................................... 3
IV Taxonomy ................................................... 4
V Molecular Ecology .......................................... 7
VI Interactions with Other Organisms .......................... 8
VII Blooms and Toxins .......................................... 8
VIII Cyanobacteria as Health Food ............................... 8
IX Use of Cultures and Culture Media .......................... 9
X The Future ................................................. 9
References ..................................................... 10
2 The Fossil Record: Tracing the Roots of the Cyanobacterial
Lineage .................................................. 13-35
J. William Schopf
Summary ........................................................ 13
I Tracing the Roots of Cyanobacteria: Progress and
Problems .................................................. 14
II Ancient Cyanobacteria ..................................... 17
III How Old is the Cyanobacterial Lineage? .................... 24
IV Paleobiology: Fossils, Geology, and Geochemistry .......... 25
V Paleobiology: Final Arbiter of Competing Theories ......... 32
Acknowledgements ............................................... 33
References ..................................................... 33
3 Cyanobacteria in Geothermal Habitats ..................... 37-59
David M. Ward & Richard W. Castenholz
Summary ........................................................ 37
I Introduction .............................................. 38
II Distribution of Thermophilic Cyanobacteria Based on
Morphology and Enrichment Culture ......................... 38
III Distribution of Cyanobacteria Based on Molecular
Analysis .................................................. 43
IV Physiological and Behavioral Ecology of Cyanobacteria of
Geothermal Habitats ....................................... 50
V Conclusion ................................................ 56
Acknowledgements ............................................... 56
References ..................................................... 56
4 Cyanobacterial Mats and Stromatolites ................... 61-120
Lucas J. Stal
Summary ........................................................ 62
I Introduction .............................................. 62
II Microbial Mats, Stromatolites and their Environments ...... 63
III The Organisms: Cyanobacteria that Build Microbial Mats .... 71
IV Motility, Chemo- and Phototaxis of Cyanobacteria in
Microbial Mats ............................................ 75
V Carbon Metabolism ......................................... 78
VI Calcification in Mats and Stromatolites ................... 90
VII Nitrogen Metabolism and Nitrogen Fixation ................. 95
VIII Cyanobacteria and the Sulfur Cycle in Microbial Mats ..... 105
IX Interactions of Cyanobacteria with Iron .................. 108
X Phosphorus in Microbial Mats ............................. 110
XI Conclusions .............................................. 111
Acknowledgements .............................................. 112
References .................................................... 112
5 Marine Plankton ........................................ 121-148
Hans W. Paeri
Summary ....................................................... 121
I Introduction ............................................. 122
II Key Functional Groups of Marine Planktonic
Cyanobacteria ............................................ 123
III Planktonic Cyanobacterial Habitats: Physical, Chemical
and Biotic Considerations ................................ 128
IV Synthesis: The Ecosystem Perspective ..................... 142
Acknowledgements .............................................. 144
References .................................................... 144
6 Freshwater Blooms ...................................... 149-194
Roderick L. Oliver and George G. Ganf
I Introduction ............................................. 150
II Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria .............................. 150
III Distribution ............................................. 151
IV Gas Vacuoles, Gas Vesicles, Buoyancy and its
Regulation ............................................... 154
V Mixing Regimes and Cyanobacteria ......................... 159
VI Physical Control of Cyanobacteria ........................ 167
VII Cell Size, Growth Rate and Temperature ................... 169
VIII Light Capture ............................................ 170
IX Nutrients ................................................ 174
X Phosphorus ............................................... 175
XI Nitrogen ................................................. 176
XII Responses of Cyanobacteria to N and P .................... 178
XIII Inorganic Carbon ......................................... 184
XIV Grazing .................................................. 185
XV Concluding Remarks ....................................... 186
References .................................................... 189
7 Picoplankton and Other Non-Bloom Forming Cyanobacteria
in Lakes ............................................... 195-231
John G. Stockner, Cristiana Callieri and Gertrud
Cronberg
Summary ....................................................... 195
I Introduction ............................................. 196
II Sampling, Preservation and Enumeration ................... 197
III The Non-Bloom-Formers, What are They? .................... 198
IV A Common Ecology? ........................................ 198
V Conclusions .............................................. 224
Acknowledgements .............................................. 225
References .................................................... 225
8 Soils and Rice-Fields .................................. 233-255
Brian A. Whitton
Summary ....................................................... 233
I Introduction ............................................. 234
II Soils .................................................... 234
III Subaerial Habitats ....................................... 241
IV Rice-fields .............................................. 244
V Practical Methods ........................................ 247
VI Concluding Comments ...................................... 249
References .................................................... 249
9 Limestones ............................................. 257-279
Allan Pentecost and Brian A. Whitton
Summary ....................................................... 257
I Introduction ............................................. 258
II Physical and Chemical Features ........................... 258
III Environments and their Characteristic Communities ........ 259
IV The Organisms ............................................ 264
V Deposition ............................................... 267
VI Colonization, Succession and Weathering in Terrestrial
and Freshwater Environments .............................. 272
VII Influence of Temporal Changes in Nutrients ............... 274
VIII Concluding Comments ...................................... 275
Acknowledgements .............................................. 276
References .................................................... 276
10 Salts and Brines ....................................... 281-306
Aharon Oren
Summary ....................................................... 282
I Introduction ............................................. 282
II Hypersaline Environments and their Cyanobacterial
Communities .............................................. 283
III Physiological Properties of the Major Halophilic
Cyanobacteria ............................................ 289
IV Anoxygenic Photosynthesis by Cyanobacteria in
Hypersaline Environments ................................. 292
V Osmotic Adaptation of Cyanobacteria Living at High Salt
Concentrations ........................................... 294
VI Interactions Between Cyanobacteria and other
Microorganisms in Hypersaline Environments ............... 299
VII Biotechnological Aspects of Halophilic Cyanobacteria ..... 300
VIII Conclusions .............................................. 301
Acknowledgements .............................................. 301
References .................................................... 301
11 Oil Pollution and Cyanobacteria ........................ 307-319
Samir S. Radwan and Redha H. Al-Hasan
Summary ....................................................... 307
I Introduction ............................................. 307
II Composition of Crude Oil ................................. 307
III Biodegradability of Hydrocarbons ......................... 308
IV Cyanobacteria in the Biogenesis of Oil ................... 309
V Hydrocarbon-Degradation Potential of Cyanobacteria ....... 310
VI Concluding Remarks ....................................... 316
Acknowledgements .............................................. 316
References .................................................... 316
12 Cyanobacterial Dominance in the Polar Regions .......... 321-340
Warwick F. Vincent
Summary ....................................................... 321
I Introduction ............................................. 322
II Habitats and Communities ................................. 323
III Biodiversity and Endemism ................................ 330
IV Ecophysiology of Polar Cyanobacteria ..................... 330
V Why Do Cyanobacteria Dominate (Or Not)? .................. 335
Acknowledgements .............................................. 337
References .................................................... 338
13 Cyanobacteria in Deserts - Life at the Limit? ......... 341-366
D.D. Wynn-Williams
Summary ....................................................... 341
I A Historical Perspective ................................. 342
II Diversity of Desert Ecosystems ........................... 344
III The Organisms - Biodiversity ............................. 346
IV Desert Niches and Interactions ........................... 350
V Stress Factors in Arid Regions ........................... 354
VI Bio-weathering and Nutrient Availability ................. 358
VII Thresholds and Extinction ................................ 359
Acknowledgements .............................................. 362
References .................................................... 362
14 Detecting the Environment .............................. 367-395
Nicholas H. Mann
Summary ....................................................... 367
I Introduction ............................................. 368
II Protein Phosphorylation .................................. 369
III Light/Dark and Redox Sensing ............................. 376
IV Low Molecular Weight Signalling Molecules ................ 377
V Behavioural Responses .................................... 381
VI Alterations in Transcriptional Specificity ............... 384
VII Other Signalling Processes ............................... 386
VIII Cross-Talk and Integration ............................... 387
IX Conclusions .............................................. 388
Acknowledgements .............................................. 388
References .................................................... 388
15 Molecular Responses to Environmental Stress ........... 397-442
Devaki Bhaya, Rakefet Schwarz and Arthur R. Grossman
Summary ....................................................... 398
I Introduction ............................................. 398
II Acclimation to Light ..................................... 399
III Responses to Nutrient Limitation ......................... 408
IV Concluding Remarks ....................................... 431
Acknowledgements .............................................. 431
References .................................................... 431
16 Metal Metabolism and Toxicity: Repetitive DNA ......... 443-463
Nigel J. Robinson, Julian C. Rutherford, Mathew R.
Pocock and Jennifer S. Cavet
Summary ....................................................... 443
I Metal Metabolism and Toxicity ............................ 444
II Repetitive DNA in Cyanobacteria .......................... 454
III Concluding Remarks ....................................... 459
Acknowledgements .............................................. 460
References .................................................... 460
17 Nostoc ................................................. 465-504
Malcolm Potts
Summary ....................................................... 466
I Introduction ............................................. 466
II Natural Communities ...................................... 466
III Evolution ................................................ 474
IV Physiology and Growth .................................... 485
V Patents and Applications ................................. 494
VI A Chronology of Nostoc ................................... 495
VII Epilogue ................................................. 498
Acknowledgements .............................................. 498
References .................................................... 498
18 Arthrospira (Spirulina): Systematics and
Ecophysiology ......................................... 505-522
Avigad Vonshak and Luisa Tomaselli
Summary ....................................................... 505
I Introduction ............................................. 506
II Morphology ............................................... 507
III Systematics .............................................. 508
IV Occurrence and Distribution .............................. 510
V Physiology of Arthrospira ................................ 514
VI Concluding Remarks ....................................... 519
References .................................................... 520
19 Symbiotic Interactions ................................. 523-561
David G. Adams
Summary ....................................................... 523
I Introduction ............................................. 524
II The Symbioses and their Environmental Impact ............. 525
III The Symbionts ............................................ 536
IV Host-Cyanobacteria Interactions Prior to Infection ....... 539
V Host Structures and their Infection ...................... 541
VI Host-Cyanobiont Interactions Post-Infection .............. 546
VII Reconstitution of the Symbioses .......................... 552
VIII Concluding Remarks ....................................... 552
Acknowledgements .............................................. 553
References .................................................... 553
20 Cyanophages and Their Role in the Ecology of
Cyanobacteria .......................................... 563-589
Curtis A. Suttle
Summary ....................................................... 564
I Introduction ............................................. 564
II Taxonomy, Morphology and Evolution of Cyanophages ........ 565
III Diversity ................................................ 567
IV Distribution, Abundance and Seasonal Dynamics ............ 570
V Fate of Cyanophages in the Natural Environment ........... 573
VI Effect of Cyanophages on Cyanobacterial Populations
and Communities .......................................... 574
VII Environmental and Physiological Effects on Cyanophages ... 580
VIII Lysogeny ................................................. 583
IX Conclusion ............................................... 584
Acknowledgements .............................................. 585
References .................................................... 585
21 Cyanobacterial Responses to UV-Radiation ............... 591-611
Richard W. Castenholz and Ferran Garcia-Pichel
Summary ....................................................... 591
I Introduction ............................................. 592
II Strategies of UVR Tolerance by Cyanobacteria ............. 599
III Effects of UVR in Nature and Whole Community Responses ... 605
IV Conclusions .............................................. 606
Acknowledgements .............................................. 607
References .................................................... 607
22 Cyanotoxins ............................................ 613-632
Crawford S. Dow and Uthaya K. Swoboda
Summary ....................................................... 614
I Introduction ............................................. 614
II Poisoning Incidents ...................................... 614
III Which Taxa are Toxic? .................................... 616
IV Types of Cyanobacterial Toxins ........................... 617
V Toxin Analysis ........................................... 622
VI Ecological Implications .................................. 624
VII Concluding Comments ...................................... 627
References .................................................... 627
Organism Index ................................................ 633
Gene and Gene Product Index ................................... 645
Subject Index ................................................. 649
|
