Modern methods of igneous petrology: understanding magmatic processes / G.Bergantz et al.; ed. by J.Nicholls, J.K.Russell. - Washington: Mineralogical Society of America, 1990. - viii, 314 p.: ill. - (Reviews in mineralogy; vol.24). - Bibliogr. at the end of the chapters. - ISBN 0-939950-29-4; ISSN 0275-0279  Место хранения:   018 | Институт нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А.Трофимука | Новосибирск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

Copyright; Additional Copies ................................... ii Foreword; Preface ............................................. iii Chapter 1 PRINCIPLES OF THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF IGNEOUS PROCESSES J. Nicholls INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1 DUEHM'S THEOREM AND THE PHASE RULE .............................. 1 Example of the application of Duhem's theorem ................ 3 CALCULATION OF CRYSTALLIZATION PATHS ............................ 6 Perfect equilibrium paths .................................... 8 Isobaric perfect fractionation paths ........................ 10 Polybaric fractionation curves .............................. 13 Multiphase fractionation paths .............................. 15 TESTING THERMODYNAMIC MODELS ................................... 16 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ 19 REFERENCES ..................................................... 19 APPENDIX: DERIVATION OF FRACTIONATION EQUATION AT CONSTANT Hmelt ........................................................... 20 Chapter 2 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SILICATE LIQUIDS WITH EMPHASIS ON DENSITY, THERMAL EXPANSION AND COMPRESSIBILITY R.L. Lange & I.S.E. Carmichael INTRODUCTION ................................................... 25 THE STANDARD STATE FREE ENERGY OF NATURAL LIQUIDS .............. 27 VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF SILICATE LIQUIDS ...................... 28 The compositional dependence of liquid volumes at 1 bar ..... 29 TiO2-bearing liquids ..................................... 30 Iron-bearing liquids ..................................... 31 Thermal expansion of silicate liquids ....................... 35 Volumes of fusion at 1 bar .................................. 39 Compressibility of silicate liquids ......................... 41 Compositional dependence of (dV|dP)T ..................... 41 Compressibility of the ferric component .................. 44 The pressure dependence of compressibility ............... 45 The effect of volatiles on silicate liquid densities ........ 48 The partial molar volume of H2O .......................... 49 The partial molar volume of CO2 .......................... 54 SUMMARY ........................................................ 56 APPENDIX CALORIMETRIC DATA ..................................... 57 Enthalpies and entropies of fusion .......................... 57 Heat capacities of silicate liquids and glasses ............. 57 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ 59 REFERENCES ..................................................... 59 Chapter 3 SIMULATION OF IGNEOUS DIFFERENTIATION PROCESSES R.L. Nielsen INTRODUCTION ................................................... 65 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ......................................... 65 Major element phase equilibria .............................. 65 Trace element partitioning .................................. 66 Assumptions and options of the program ...................... 69 MODELING OPEN SYSTEM PROCESSES ................................. 70 Paired recharge and fractionation ........................... 70 Recharge rate and fractionating mineral proportions ......... 71 Phase equilibria constraints on bulk partition coefficient ................................................. 74 Variable oxygen fugacity .................................... 76 Periodic mixing ............................................. 76 In situ fractionation ....................................... 78 TESTING PETROLOGIC TOOLS WITH MODELED RESULTS .................. 84 Calculation of parental magma compositions .................. 84 Least-squares-mass balance fractionation models ............. 85 Derivation of D from log-log plots .......................... 88 Pearce element ratio analysis ............................... 88 PROBLEM SOLVING IN NATURAL SYSTEMS ............................. 95 Uwekehuna Bluff ............................................. 95 Galapagos spreading center .................................. 99 Kilauea Iki - olivine resorption ........................... 100 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 102 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 103 REFERENCES .................................................... 103 Chapter 4 THE MATHEMATICS OF FLUID FLOW AND A SIMPLE APPLICATION ТО PROBLEMS OF MAGMA TRANSPORT J. Nicholls INTRODUCTION .................................................. 107 MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS ........................................ 107 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FLUID MECHANICS ..................... 109 The equation of continuity ................................. 109 The Navier-Stokes equations ................................ 110 Conservation of energy ..................................... 110 UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOWS .......................................... 111 Application to a simple problem ............................ 111 Interpretation ............................................. 117 Conclusions ................................................ 122 REFERENCES CITED .............................................. 123 Chapter 5 PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE EVOLUTION OF MAGMAS S. Tait & С. Jaupar FOREWORD ...................................................... 125 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 125 Physical properties of magmas .............................. 125 Evidence from fossil magma chambers ........................ 127 Chemical aspects ........................................... 128 Thermal Convection ............................................ 130 Temperature of contact between magma and country rock ...... 130 Structure of the thermal boundary layers ................... 131 Structure of the convecting interior ....................... 132 Thermal flux balance at the roof ........................... 135 Further complexities of upper boundary layer structure ..... 137 FREEZING OF A BINARY ALLOY AND COMPOSITIONAL CONVECTION ....... 137 Solidification and constitutional supercooling ............. 137 Structure of a "mushy" crystallization boundary layer ...... 139 Onset of compositional convection .......................... 141 Convective transport of solute ............................. 143 Vertical walls ............................................. 144 Conclusion ................................................. 146 SUMMARY OF OTHER PHENOMENA .................................... 146 Crystal settling ........................................... 147 The kinetics of crystal nucleation and growth .............. 147 Magma chamber replenishment ................................ 148 REFERENCES .................................................... 151 Chapter 6 MAGMA MIXING PROCESSES: INSIGHTS AND CONSTRAINTS FROM THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATIONS J.K. Russell INTRODUCTION .................................................. 153 HISTORY OF TREATMENT .......................................... 154 TESTABILITY OF THE MAGMA MIXING HYPOTHESIS .................... 155 ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF MAGMA MIXING ......................... 157 Melt mixing ................................................ 159 Solid phase saturation ..................................... 164 Oxidation potential and H2O solubility ..................... 166 MODELLING THE MAGMA MIXING PROCESS ............................ 171 Magmatic paths: fractional mixing vs. equilibrium mixing ..................................................... 171 Thermodynamic paths of magma mixing ........................ 172 COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHM ....................................... 174 Temperature as the independent variable .................... 174 Temperature of as a dependent variable ..................... 176 Adiabatic and non-adiabatic paths .......................... 177 MODEL SIMULATIONS ............................................. 178 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 186 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 187 REFERENCES .................................................... 187 Chapter 7 THE EFFECT OF OXYGEN FUGACITY ON THE REDOX STATE OF NATURAL LIQUIDS AND THEIR CRYSTALLIZING PHASES I.S.E. Carmichael & M.S. Ghiorso INTRODUCTION .................................................. 191 REDOX STATE AND OXYGEN FUGACITY IN NATURAL SILICATE LIQUIDS ... 192 METALS OF VARIABLE VALENCE AND OXYGEN FUGACITY ................ 197 THE EFFECT OF REDOX STATE ON OLIVINE-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM ....... 200 THE EFFECT OF REDOX STATE OF PYROXENE-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA ....... 205 HYDROUS MINERALS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO LIQUIDS ........... 207 IRON-TITANIUM OXIDES AND SULFIDES AND THE REDOX STATE OF THE LIQUID .................................................... 208 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 209 A PETROLOGICAL CONCERN ........................................ 210 REFERENCES .................................................... 210 Chapter 8 DYNAMICS OF ERUPTIVE PHENOMENA C. Jaupart & S. Tait FOREWORD ...................................................... 213 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 213 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND OBSERVATIONS ............................. 213 Dimensions of volcanic systems ............................. 213 Velocity and mass flux of eruptions ........................ 214 Eruption triggering ........................................ 215 Effect of eruptions on the magma chamber ................... 216 THE PROPERTIES OF VOLCANIC LIQUIDS ............................ 217 Physical properties of lava ................................ 217 The viscosity of silicate melts ......................... 217 The viscosity of bubbly liquids ......................... 218 The temperature dependence of viscosity ................. 219 The solubility of gas species of silicate melts ............ 219 The density of magmatic gases .............................. 219 The fragmentation process .................................. 220 Conclusions ................................................ 221 FLOW EQUATIONS ................................................ 222 Basic principles and equations ............................. 222 The mass flux of an eruption ............................... 223 Constant conduit radius ................................. 224 Variable conduit radius ................................. 225 Conclusion .............................................. 225 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW ............................................. 227 Laminar regime and variable properties ..................... 227 Choking conditions ......................................... 228 Conduit flow in explosive eruption regimes ................. 231 Generalized momentum balance ............................... 231 Conclusion ................................................. 232 Other effects on Flow Conditions ........................... 232 Separated flow .......................................... 232 The physics of bubble growth ............................ 233 Bubble nucleation ................................. 234 Bubble expansion ..................................... 234 Chemical diffusion ................................... 235 Conclusion ........................................... 235 GENERAL CONCLUSION ............................................ 235 REFERENCES .................................................... 236 Chapter 9 MELT FRACTION DIAGRAMS: THE LINK BETWEEN CHEMICAL AND TRANSPORT MODELS G.W. Bergantz INTRODUCTION .................................................. 239 MELT FRACTION DISTRIBUTIONS ................................... 241 A general energy conservation expression ................... 241 Generic elements of melt fraction curves ................... 245 GEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ....................................... 248 The MASH hypothesis and a baseline physical state .......... 243 REFERENCES .................................................... 254 Chapter 10 TEXTURAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE KINETICS OF CRYSTALLIZATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS K.V. Cashman INTRODUCTION .................................................. 259 NUCLEATION .................................................... 260 Theory ..................................................... 260 Homogeneous nucleation ..................................... 260 Heterogeneous nucleation ................................... 263 Experimental constraints ................................... 264 CRYSTAL GROWTH ................................................ 266 Theory ..................................................... 266 Crystallization without a change in composition ......... 266 Crystallization in multicomponent systems ............... 268 Experimental constraints ................................... 268 COUPLED NUCLEATION AND GROWTH (AVRAMI EQUATION) ............... 274 CRYSTALLIZATION IN NATURAL SYSTEMS ............................ 282 Crystallization of dikes ................................... 283 Crystal size distributions ................................. 287 Theory .................................................. 287 Isobaric cooling ........................................ 291 Isothermal depressurization ............................. 295 Crystallization caused by change in supersaturation ..... 297 Residence times ......................................... 297 Effect of physical processes ............................ 299 Further potential applications of CSDs .................. 300 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 300 APPENDIX: STEREOLOGY AND IMAGE ANALYSIS ....................... 303 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 309 REFERENCES .................................................... 309