Micas: crystal chemistry and metamorphic petrology / ed. by A.Mottana et al. - Washington: Mineralogical Society of America; Roma: Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, 2002. - xiii, 499 p.: ill. - (Reviews in mineralogy and geochemistry; vol.46). - Bibliogr. at the end of the art. - ISBN 0-939950-58-8; ISSN 1529-6466  Место хранения:   018 | Институт нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А.Трофимука | Новосибирск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

1 Mica Crystal Chemistry and the Influence of Pressure, Temperature, and Solid Solution on Atomistic Models Maria Franca Brigatti, Stephen Guggenheim OVERVIEW ........................................................ 1 Treatment of the data and definition of the parameters used ......................................................... 3 End-member crystal chemistry: New end members and new data since 1984 ................................................... 4 Synthetic micas with unusual properties ..................... 11 EFFECT OF COMPOSITION ON STRUCTURE ............................. 11 Tetrahedral sheet ........................................... 11 Tetrahedral rotation and interlayer region .................. 19 Tetrahedral cation ordering ................................. 25 Octahedral coordination and long-range octahedral ordering .................................................... 27 Crystal chemistry of micas in plutonic rocks ................ 37 ATOMISTIC MODELS INVOLVING HIGH-TEMPERATURE STUDIES OF THE MICAS .......................................................... 39 Studies of samples having undergone heat treatment .......... 39 Dehydroxylation process for dioctahedral phyllosilicates .... 41 Dehydroxylation models for frans-vacant 2:1 layers .......... 43 Dehydroxylation models for си-vacant 2:1 layers ............. 44 Comparison of Na-rich vs. K-rich dioctahedral forms ......... 49 Heat-treated trioctahedral samples: The O,OH,F site and in situ high-temperature studies ............................... 50 Heat-treated trioctahedral samples: Polytype comparisons .... 51 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ 51 APPENDIX I: DERIVATIONS ........................................ 52 Derivation of "tetrahedral cation displacement", Tdisp ...... 52 Derivation of ΔЕ1, ΔЕ2, ΔЕ3 ................................. 52 Derivation of α ............................................ 53 Explanation of otcor ........................................ 54 Explanation of EM-O(4) ....................................... 54 APPENDIX II: TABLES 1-4 ........................................ 55 Table la Structural details of trioctahedral true micas-1M, space group C2/m ........................ 55 Table lb Structural details of trioctahedral true micas-1M, space group C2/c ........................ 70 Table lc Structural details of trioctahedral true micas-2M1, space group C2/c ....................... 72 Table Id Structural details of trioctahedral true micas-2M1, space groups Cc, C1 .................... 74 Table le Structural details of trioctahedral true micas-2M1, space group C2/c ....................... 74 Table If Structural details of trioctahedral true micas-3T, space group P3112 ....................... 74 Table 2a Structural details of trioctahedral true micas-1M, Mspace groups C2/m and C2 ............... 76 Table 2b Structural details of trioctahedral true micas-1M, space group C2/c ........................ 78 Table 2c Structural details of trioctahedral true micas-2M2, space group C2/c ....................... 84 Table 2d Structural details of trioctahedral true micas-3T, space group P3112 ....................... 84 Table 3a Structural details of trioctahedral brittle micas ............................................. 86 Table 3b Structural details of dioctahedral brittle micas ............................................. 88 Table 4 Structural details of boromuscovite-1M and -2M1 calculated from the Rietveld structure refinement by Liang et al. (1995) ................. 88 REFERENCES 90 vii 2 Behavior of Micas at High Pressure and High Temperature Pier Francesco Zanazzi, Alessandro Pavese INTRODUCTION ................................................... 99 Investigative techniques for the study of the thermoelastic behavior of micas ............................ 100 P-V and P-V-T equations of state ........................... 101 Dioctahedral micas ......................................... 103 Trioctahedral micas ........................................ 108 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 114 REFERENCES .................................................... 114 3 Structural Features of Micas Giovanni Ferraris, Gabriella Ivaldi INTRODUCTION .................................................. 117 NOMENCLATURE AND NOTATION ..................................... 117 MODULARITY OF MICA STRUCTURE .................................. 118 The mica module ............................................ 118 CLOSEST-PACKING aspects .................................... 120 Closest-packing and polytypism ............................. 121 COMPOSITIONAL ASPECTS ...................................... 122 SYMMETRY ASPECTS .............................................. 124 Metric (lattice) symmetry .................................. 124 Structural symmetry ........................................ 124 Symmetry and cation sites .................................. 125 Two kinds of mica layer: Ml and M2 layers .................. 127 The interlayer configuration ............................... 128 Possible ordering schemes in the MDO polytypes ............. 129 The phengite case .......................................... 130 DISTORTIONS ................................................... 130 The misfit ................................................. 130 Geometric parameters describing distortions ................ 131 Ditrigonal rotation ........................................ 131 Other distortions .......................................... 132 Effects of the distortions on the stacking mode ............ 133 FURTHER STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION ............................... 135 Pressure, temperature and chemical influence ............... 135 Thickness of the mica module ............................... 135 Ditrigonal rotation and interlayer coordination ............ 137 Effective coordination number (ECoN) ....................... 138 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 138 APPENDIX I: MICA STRUCTURE AND POLYSOMATIC SERIES ............. 140 Layer silicates as members of modular series? .............. 140 Mica modules in polysomatic series ......................... 140 The heterophyllosicate polysomatic series .................. 140 The palysepiole polysomatic series ......................... 142 Conclusions ................................................ 143 APPENDIX II: OBLIQUE TEXTURE ELECTRON DIFFRACTION (OTED) ...... 144 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 148 REFERENCES .................................................... 148 4 Crystallographic Basis of Polytypism and Twinning in Micas Massimo Nespolo, Slavomil Ďurovič INTRODUCTION .................................................. 155 NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS ...................................... 156 The mica layer and its constituents ........................ 157 Axial settings, indices and lattice parameters ............. 158 Symbols .................................................... 158 Symmetry and symmetry operations ........................... 159 THE UNIT LAYERS OF MICA .................................... 159 Alternative unit layers .................................... 160 MICAPOLYTYPES AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION ...................... 164 Micas as OD structures ..................................... 164 SYMBOLIC DESCRIPTION OF MICA POLYTYPES ..................... 172 Orientational symbols ...................................... 172 Rotational symbols ......................................... 175 RETICULAR CLASSIFICATION OF POLYTYPES: ........................ 178 SPACE ORIENTATION AND SYMBOL DEFINITION ....................... 178 LOCAL AND GLOBAL SYMMETRY OF MICA POLYTYPES FROM THEIR STACKING SYMBOLS .............................................. 180 Derivation of MDO polytypes ................................ 180 The symmetry analysis from a polytype symbol ............... 184 RELATIONS OF HOMOMORPHY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MDO POLYTYPES ... 189 BASIC STRUCTURES AND POLYTYPOIDS. SIZE LIMIT FOR THE DEFINITION OF "POLYTYPE" ...................................... 191 Abstract polytypes ......................................... 192 Basic structures ........................................... 193 HTREM observations and some implications ...................... 193 IDEAL SPACE-GROUP TYPES OF MICAPOLYTYPES AND DESYMMETRIZATION OF LAYERS IN POLYTYPES ....................... 193 CHOICE OF THE AXIAL SETTING ................................... 204 GEOMETRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF RECIPROCAL LATTICE ROWS ......... 206 SUPERPOSITION STRUCTURES, FAMILY STRUCTURE AND FAMILY REFLECTIONS ................................................... 209 Family structure and family reflections of mica polytypes .................................................. 212 REFLECTION CONDITIONS ......................................... 213 NON-FAMILY REFLECTIONS AND ORTHOGONAL PLANES .................. 214 HIDDEN SYMMETRY OF THE MICAS: THE RHOMBOHEDRAL LATTICE ........ 216 TWINNING OF MICAS: THEORY ..................................... 217 Choice of the twin elements ................................ 219 Effect of twinning by selective merohedry on the diffraction pattern ........................................ 220 Diffraction patterns from twins ............................ 223 Allotwinning ............................................... 224 Tessellation of the hp lattice ............................. 224 Plesiotwinning ............................................. 230 TWINNING OF MICAS. ANALYSIS OF THE GEOMETRY OF THE DIFFRACTION PATTERN ........................................... 233 Symbolic description of orientation of twinned mica individuals. Limiting symmetry ............................. 235 Derivation of twin diffraction patterns .................... 237 Derivation of allotwin diffraction patterns ................ 243 IDENTIFICATION OF MDO POLYTYPES FROM THEIR DIFFRACTION PATTERNS ................................................... 244 Theoretical background ..................................... 244 Identification procedure ................................... 245 IDENTIFICATION OF NON-MDO POLYTYPES: THE PERIODIC INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ............................ 247 PID in terms of TS unit layers ............................. 249 Derivation of PID from the diffraction pattern ............. 251 ix EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MICA SINGLE CRYSTALS FOR TWIN/POLYTYPE IDENTIFICATION .................................. 252 Morphological study ........................................ 252 Surface microtopography .................................... 252 Two-dimensional XRD study .................................. 254 Diffractometer study ....................................... 256 APPLICATIONS AND EXAMPLES ..................................... 257 24-layer subfamily: A Series 1 Class b biotite from Ambulawa, Ceylon ........................................... 257 8A2 (subfamily A Series 0 Class a) oxybiotite from Ruiz Peak, New Mexico ........................................... 258 1M-2M1 oxybiotite allotwin Zr = 34 from Ruiz Peak, New Mexico ................................................. 262 {3,6}[7{3,6}] biotite plesiotwin from Sambagawa, Japan ..... 262 APPENDIX A. TWINNING: DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION ........... 267 APPENDIX B. COMPUTATION OF THE PID FROM A STACKING SEQUENCE CANDIDATE ..................................................... 270 Symmetry of the PID ........................................ 271 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 272 REFERENCES .................................................... 272 5 Investigations of Micas Using Advanced Transmission Electron Microscopy Toshihiro Kogure INTRODUCTION .................................................. 281 TEMS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF MICA ..... 281 Transmission electron microscopy ........................... 281 New recording media for beam-sensitive specimens ........... 286 Sample preparation techniques .............................. 287 Image processing and simulation ............................ 288 ANALYSES OF POLYTYPES ......................................... 289 DEFECT STRUCTURES ............................................. 299 CONCLUSION .................................................... 310 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 310 REFERENCES .................................................... 310 6 Optical and Mossbauer Spectroscopy of Iron in Micas M. Darby Dyar INTRODUCTION .................................................. 313 OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY .......................................... 315 Current instrumentation .................................... 315 Review of existing work .................................... 316 Summary .................................................... 320 MOSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY (MS) ................................... 320 Current instrumentation .................................... 320 Recoil-free fraction effects ............................... 320 Thickness effects .......................................... 321 Texture effects and other sources of error ................. 322 Techniques for fitting Mossbauer spectra ................... 323 Review of existing Mossbauer data .......................... 325 Summary .................................................... 333 COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES ...................................... 334 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 336 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 337 APPENDIX: Other techniques for measurement of Fe3+/∑Fe in Micas ......................................................... 337 X-ray ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ................. 337 Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) ................... 338 X-Ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) ........................ 338 REFERENCES .................................................... 340 7 Infrared Spectroscopy of Micas Anton Beran INTRODUCTION .................................................. 351 LATTICE VIBRATIONS ............................................ 352 Far-IR region .............................................. 352 Mid-IR region .............................................. 353 OH STRETCHING VIBRATIONS ...................................... 359 Polarized measurements ..................................... 359 Quantitative water determination ........................... 360 Hydrogen bonding ........................................... 360 Cation ordering ............................................ 362 OH-F replacement ........................................... 365 Dehydroxylation mechanisms ................................. 366 Excess hydroxyl ............................................ 367 NH4 groups ................................................. 367 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 367 REFERENCES .................................................... 367 8 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of the Micas Annibale Mottana, Augusto Marcelli, Giannantonio Cibin, and M. Darby Dyar INTRODUCTION .................................................. 371 OVERVIEW OF THE XAS METHOD .................................... 373 EXAFS ......................................................... 375 XANES ......................................................... 376 Experimental spectra recording ............................. 384 Optimization of spectra .................................... 387 Systematics ................................................ 395 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 404 REFERENCES .................................................... 405 9 Constraints on Studies of Metamorphic K-Na White Micas Charles V. Guidotti, Francesco P. Sassi INTRODUCTION .................................................. 413 EFFECTS OF PETROLOGIC FACTORS ON WHITE MICA CHEMISTRY ......... 414 Important compositional variations ......................... 414 Controls of mica composition by petrologic factors ......... 418 MAXIMIZING INFORMATION FROM MICA STUDIES: SAMPLE SELECTION CONSTRAINTS ................................................... 423 Petrologic studies ......................................... 424 Mineralogic studies ........................................ 428 DISCUSSION .................................................... 440 Common failings in petrology studies ....................... 440 Common failings in mineralogy studies ...................... 441 "Standard starting points" for the compositional variations of rock-forming dioctahedral and trioctahedral micas ...................................................... 441 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 443 REFERENCES .................................................... 444 10 Modal Spaces for Pelitic Schists James B. Thompson, Jr. INTRODUCTION .................................................. 449 NOTATIONS AND CONVENTIONS ..................................... 450 THE ASSEMBLAGE QUARTZ-MUSCOVITE-BIOTITE-CHLORITE-GARNET ....... 451 THE ASSEMBLAGE QUARTZ-MUSCOVITE-CHLORITE-GARNET-CHLORITOID .... 454 ASSEMBLAGES CONTAINING CHLORITOID AND BIOTITE ................. 455 OTHER MODAL SPACES ............................................ 458 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 458 APPENDIX: INDEPENDENT NET-TRANSFER REACTIONS .................. 460 REFERENCES .................................................... 462 11 Phyllosilicates in Very Low-Grade Metamorphism: Transformation to Micas Péter Árkai INTRODUCTION .................................................. 463 MAIN METHODS OF STUDYING LOW-TEMPERATURE TRANSFORMATIONS OF PHYLLOSILICATES ............................................... 464 XRD techniques ............................................. 465 ТЕМ techniques ............................................. 466 MAIN TRENDS OF PHYLLOSILICATE EVOLUTION AT LOW TEMPERATURE .... 467 CURRENT PROBLEMS IN STUDYING PHYLLOSILICATE EVOLUTION AT THE LOWER CRYSTALLITE-SIZE LIMITS OF MINERALS ................. 469 REACTION PROGRESS OF PHYLLOSILICATES THROUGH SERIES OF METASTABLE STAGES ............................................. 472 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................ 473 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 474 REFERENCES .................................................... 474 12 Micas: Historical Perspective Curzio Cipriani INTRODUCTION .................................................. 479 PRESCIENTIFIC ERA ............................................. 479 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ........................................ 480 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ........................................ 483 Physical properties ........................................ 483 Crystallography ............................................ 485 Chemical composition ....................................... 486 THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ......................................... 491 Crystal chemistry .......................................... 491 Synthesis .................................................. 494 POLYTYPES ..................................................... 494 SYSTEMATICS ................................................... 495 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 496 REFERENCES .................................................... 497 APPENDIX I Present-day nomenclature of the mica group and its derivation ................................................. 498 APPENDIX II Other works consulted in preparation of this historical review ..................................................... 499