Micas / S.W.Bailey et al.; ed. by S.W.Bailey. - Washington: Mineralogical Society of America, 1984. - xii, 584 p.: ill., charts. - (Reviews in mineralogy; vol.13). - Bibliogr. at the end of the art. - ISBN 0-939950-17-0; ISSN 0275-0279  Место хранения:   018 | Институт нефтегазовой геологии и геофизики им. А.А.Трофимука | Новосибирск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

COPYRIGHT; LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ................................ ii FOREWORD ...................................................... iii PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................... iv 1 CLASSIFICATION and STRUCTURES of the MICAS S.W. Bailey INTRODUCTION .................................................... 1 STANDARD MICA POLYTYPES ......................................... 5 NATURAL MICA STRUCTURES ......................................... 8 REFERENCES ..................................................... 12 2 CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY of the TRUE MICAS S.W. Bailey SHEET CONFIGURATIONS ........................................... 13 Dioctahedral distortions .................................... 13 Trioctahedral distortions ................................... 16 TETRAHEDRAL-OCTAHEDRAL LATERAL FIT ............................. 16 Ideal lateral dimensions .................................... 16 Tetrahedral rotation ........................................ 17 Changes in sheet thicknesses ................................ 19 Tetrahedral tilt and basal surface corrugation .............. 28 Limits of strain ............................................ 29 INTERLAYER REGION .............................................. 31 Size of cavity .............................................. 31 Layer offsets in K-micas .................................... 32 Intralayer overshifts in relation to β angle ................ 33 Interlayer cation coordination .............................. 34 Layer offset in paragonite; Location of H+ proton ........... 35 CALCULATED STRUCTURAL MODELS ................................... 37 CATION ORDER AND DISORDER ...................................... 38 Ordering of tetrahedral cations ............................. 40 Ordering of octahedral cations .............................. 44 Ordering of interlayer cations .............................. 50 Local charge balance ........................................ 51 Standardized cation notation ................................ 52 SHORT RANGE ORDERING ........................................... 54 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................ 56 REFERENCES ..................................................... 57 3 The BRITTLE MICAS Stephen Guggenheim INTRODUCTION ................................................... 61 NOMENCLATURE AND GENERAL CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION ............... 61 CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE BRITTLE MICAS ......................... 64 Introduction ................................................ 64 Charge considerations; Sheet size considerations ......... 65 Cation ordering ............................................. 66 Octahedral ordering ...................................... 70 Tetrahedral ordering ..................................... 75 Interlayer region ........................................... 82 Orientation of the О--H vector ........................... 84 PHASE RELATIONS OF MARGARITE AND CLINTONITE .................... 85 Introduction ................................................ 85 Margarite ................................................... 86 Margarite/paragonite ± musaovite ......................... 94 Clintonite .................................................. 94 RELATIONSHIP OF CRYSTAL STRUCTURE TO STABILITY ................. 97 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 100 REFERENCES .................................................... 101 4 ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY MODELS of MICAS R.F. Giese, Jr. INTRODUCTION .................................................. 105 METHOD OF CALCULATION ......................................... 107 APPLICATIONS TO MICAS ......................................... 110 STRUCTURAL DISTORTIONS ........................................ 111 Octahedral distortions; Tetrahedral distortion ................ 112 HYDROXYL ORIENTATIONS ......................................... 114 Ionic model ................................................ 115 Possible errors ............................................ 117 OH orientations in micas ................................... 118 Mixed tri- and dioctahedral micas .......................... 121 INTERLAYER BONDING ............................................ 123 Ionic model ................................................ 123 Calculation of interlayer bonding .......................... 124 Interlayer bonding of micas ................................ 126 Substitution of F for OH ................................... 128 CATION ORDERING ............................................... 129 Theoretical considerations ................................. 131 Order/disorder in trioctahedral M sites .................... 132 Order/disorder in dioctahedral T sites ..................... 136 SUMMARY ....................................................... 139 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 140 REFERENCES .................................................... 141 5 SPECTROSCOPY of MICAS George R. Rossman INTRODUCTION .................................................. 145 OPTICAL SPECTRA AND COLOR ..................................... 145 Individual ions; Fe2+ in phlogopite-biotite ................ 147 Fe2+ in muscovite .......................................... 148 Fe3+ in muscovite; Fe3+ in biotite ......................... 149 The role of iron in the color of muscovite ................. 149 Cr3+ in micas .............................................. 150 Lepidolites: the role of Mn and Fe; Ti in micas ............ 151 Interactions between cations ............................... 152 Mn in phlogopite; Other micas .............................. 154 Reverse pleochroism -- tetrahedral ferric iron ............. 156 Reverse pleochroism -- pink muscovite; The ultraviolet region ..................................................... 157 Future needs ............................................... 158 MÖSSBAUER SPECTRA ............................................. 158 Biotite .................................................... 158 Muscovite .................................................. 160 Glauconite ................................................. 162 Clintonite; Other micas; Commentary ........................ 163 ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTRA ............................... 163 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRA ............................ 164 X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY ............................................ 168 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ........................... 168 INFRARED SPECTRA .............................................. 169 OH groups and their orientation ............................ 169 Cation ordering ............................................ 171 The far-infrared spectral region ........................... 172 RAMAN SPECTRA ................................................. 173 NEAR INFRARED SPECTRA ......................................... 173 RADIATION HALOES AND OTHER RADIATION EFFECTS .................. 174 OXIDATION AND DEHYDROXYLATION OF BIOTITE ...................... 174 QUANTITATIVE INTENSITIES AND ANALYTICAL DETERMINATIONS ........ 175 CONCLUDING REMARKS ............................................ 176 REFERENCES .................................................... 177 6 OPTICAL PROPERTIES of MICAS under the POLARIZING MICROSCOPE Ray E. Wilcox INTRODUCTION .................................................. 183 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL MINERALS ..................... 183 Explanation of tables ...................................... 184 Variation of optical properties with chemical composition ................................................ 192 METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES ............... 196 Determination in immersion liquids ......................... 196 Coated slide technique .................................. 197 Spindle stage technique ................................. 197 Determinations in thin sections ............................ 198 SUMMARY ....................................................... 199 REFERENCES .................................................... 200 7 EXPERIMENTAL PHASE RELATIONS of the MICAS David A. Hewitt & David R. Wones INTRODUCTION .................................................. 201 SUBSOLIDUS PHASE RELATIONS OF THE DIOCTAHEDRAL MICAS ...... 202 Stability of muscovite and muscovite + quartz .............. 202 Stability of paragonite and paragonite + quartz ............ 204 The system muscovite-paragonite-quartz .................... 206 Stability of margarite and margarite + quartz .............. 207 Stability of pyrophyllite .................................. 211 SUBSOLIDUS PHASE RELATIONS FOR THE TRIOCTAHEDRAL MICAS ........ 213 Stability of end-member biotites ........................... 213 Stability of biotite solid solutions ..................... 219 Stability of talc .......................................... 226 Stability of other micas and mica reactions ................ 228 MELTING EQUILIBRIA OF MICAS ................................... 228 Melting of phlogopite ...................................... 228 Micas and siliceous melts .................................. 238 Muscovites in granitic plutons -- an attempt at geobarometry ............................................... 244 REFERENCES .................................................... 247 8 PARAGENESIS, CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS, and GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION of MICAS in GRANITE PEGMATITES Petr Čеrný & Donald M. Burt INTRODUCTION .................................................. 257 SOME DEFINITIONS AND OBJECTIVES ............................... 258 Classification of granitic pegmatites ...................... 258 Internal structure of granitic pegmatites .................. 259 Mica species in granitic pegmatites ........................ 259 Graphic representation ..................................... 260 Limitations of scope ....................................... 261 MICA ASSEMBLAGES IN OROGENIC PEGMATITES ....................... 261 Muscovite pegmatites ....................................... 261 Rare-element (and miarolitic) pegmatites ................... 262 Gadolinite type; Beryl-columbite types Complex type ..... 262 Spodumene type; Lepidolite type ......................... 263 Late muscovite alteration; Exomorphic micas ............. 263 MICA ASSEMBLAGES IN ANDROGENIC PEGMATITES ..................... 264 Rare-element pegmatites; Miarolitic pegmatites ............. 264 CRYSTALLOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND POLYTYPISM .............. 265 Phlogopite - biotite ....................................... 265 Muscovite - lithian muscovite - lepidolite ................. 266 Zinnwaldite - masutomilite ................................. 269 Exomorphic micas ........................................... 270 VECTOR PRESENTATION OF LITHIUM MICA COMPOSITIONS .............. 270 The concept; Capacity and limitations ...................... 271 Planar subsystems .......................................... 272 The 3-dimensional polyhedron ............................... 276 GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF PEGMATITE MICAS ...................... 279 Micas of orogenic pegmatites ............................... 279 Muscovite pegmatites; Rave-element pegmatites .............. 279 Micas of anorogenic subalkalic pegmatites .................. 283 GENETIC ASPECTS OF MICA CRYSTALLIZATION IN GRANITIC PEGMATITES .................................................... 284 Muscovite pegmatite class .................................. 284 Rare-element (and miarolitic) class of orogenic suites ..... 285 Biotite; Muscovite; Lepidolite .......................... 285 Zinnwaldite ............................................. 287 Late muscovite alteration; Exomorphic micas ............. 288 Rare-element (and miarolitic) class of anorogenic suites ... 290 CONCLUDING NOTE ............................................... 290 REFERENCES .................................................... 292 9 MICAS in IGNEOUS ROCKS J. Alexander Speer INTRODUCTION .................................................. 299 OXYGEN AND WATER FUGACITIES ................................... 299 Oxygen fugacity ............................................ 300 Water fugacity ............................................. 305 BIOTITES COEXISTING WITH OTHER MINERALS ....................... 307 Amphibole .................................................. 307 Aluminous minerals ......................................... 313 Apatite .................................................... 315 Feldspars .................................................. 317 Magnetite; Muscovite ....................................... 318 ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION .......................................... 319 Geochronology .............................................. 319 Wall-rock/igneous rock interaction ......................... 320 Geothermometry ............................................. 323 MUSCOVITE IN IGNEOUS ROCKS .................................... 325 Texture; Chemistry ......................................... 326 Mineral assemblage; Occurrence ............................. 329 IGNEOUS MICAS AS METALLOGENIC INDICATORS ...................... 330 SUBSOLIDUS ALTERATION ......................................... 332 HALOGENS IN BIOTITE ........................................... 335 Fluorine ................................................... 335 Chlorine ................................................... 338 INTERLAYER SITES .............................................. 340 Ammonium ................................................... 340 Barium ..................................................... 341 Calcium; Sodium ............................................ 342 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN BIOTITES ............................... 342 PETROLOGY ..................................................... 343 Occurrence ................................................. 343 Indicators of magnetic evolution ........................... 347 Hybrid rocks ............................................... 348 REFERENCES .................................................... 349 10 MICAS in METAMORPHIC ROCKS Charles V. Guidotti INTRODUCTION .................................................. 357 DIOCTAHEDRAL WHITE MICAS ...................................... 360 White micas from a mineralogic perspective ................. 360 Observed chemical variation of the white mioas .......... 360 The system NaAlO2-KAlO2-CaAl2O3-SiO2-H2O ............. 360 Theoretical and experimental studies bearing upon the solvi of the ideal white mica plane: Comparison with natural data .................................... 363 White mica compositional deviation from the ideal system ............................................... 363 Details of the deviation of muscovite from the ideal white mica plane ............................... 366 Phengite = celadonite = Tschermak substitution ... 367 The substitution of Fe3+ for Alvi ................. 371 The substitution of Ti into the octahedral sites ............................................. 371 Substitution of F and Cl for (OH) ................. 372 Deviation of ideal Mu from dioctahedral to trioctahedral ..................................... 373 Substitutions involving 12-coordinated (XII) sites ............................................. 374 Miscellaneous compositional variations in muscovite ......................................... 375 White mica lattice spacings and polytypes .............. 375 Composition versus lattice spacings and cell volume ............................................... 376 General summary of the composition versus lattice spacing relationships ................................ 379 White mica polymorphs in metamorphic rocks ........... 379 Crystal chemistry of the white micas ....................... 380 Chemical variation within the ideal white mica systems ................................................. 380 Deviations from the ideal mica plane .................... 381 Effects of celadonite substitution on lattice dimensions ........................................... 382 Interrelationships between substitutions in XII and substitutions in the octahedral and tetrahedral sites ................................................ 382 Other substitutions .................................. 383 Petrologic aspects of white micas ............................. 384 White miaae in the context of gross lithologic types ....... 384 Margarite occurrence .................................... 385 Normal, rock-forming occurrences ..................... 385 Pseudomorph-forming occurrences ...................... 386 Paragonite occurrence ................................... 386 Muscovite occurrence .................................... 387 White mica composition in the context of gross lithologic differences .................................. 388 Metamorphic controls on white mica occurrence and composition ................................................ 388 Theoretical framework for treating the phase relations of white micas .......................................... 389 Margarite phase relations ............................... 391 Paragonite phase relations .............................. 393 Theoretical models of Pg phase relations ............. 394 Pg phase relations based on natural parageneses ...... 394 Experimental and theoretical approaches to Pg stability conditions ................................. 395 Miscellaneous aspects of Pg phase relations .......... 396 Muscovite phase relations ............................... 401 Occurrence ........................................... 401 Compositional variation of Mu in response to metamorphic conditions ............................... 401 Variation of celadonite content ...................... 402 Variation of Na/(Na+K) ratio ......................... 406 Summary; Other compositional variations of Mu in response to metamorphism ............................. 406 Polymorphs of Mu -- metamorphic aspects ................. 406 White micas as petrogenetic indicators ..................... 408 Use of white mica composition data for petrogenetic purposes ................................................ 408 Geothermometry using white micas ........................ 409 The Mu-Pg solvus ..................................... 409 The assemblage Mu + plagioclase + Al-silicate ........ 410 The assemblage Mu + plagioclase + K-feldspar + Al-silicate .......................................... 410 Other geothermometers involving the composition of Mu ................................................... 411 Geobarometry using white micas .......................... 411 Information on the fluid phase via white micas .......... 412 White micas: identification and determination of composition ................................................ 413 Optical methods ......................................... 413 X-ray methods ........................................... 414 Electron microprobe analysis of white micas ............. 416 Problems of Fe2+ versus Fe3+ in white micas ............. 417 Staining techniques ..................................... 418 TRIOCTAHEDRAL "DARK MICAS" .................................... 418 Biotite from mineralogic perspective ....................... 419 Observed chemical variation of biotite .................. 419 Compositional variation within the biotite plane ..... 419 Titanium substitution in octahedral sites ............ 423 Fe3+ substitution into octahedral sites .............. 425 Substitution of F and Cl for (OH) in biotite ......... 427 Vacancies in octahedral sites and other substitutions ........................................ 430 Substitutions in the XII sites ....................... 431 Crystallochemical aspects of biotite compositional variation ............................................... 431 Compositional variation within the biotite plane ..... 433 Compositional variation deviating from the biotite plane ................................................ 434 Experimental data ................................. 434 Substitution of Ti ................................ 435 Substitution of F for (OH) and its relation to Mg/(Mg+FeT) ....................................... 436 Aliv in excess of that required for the Tschermak exchange ................................ 437 Substitution of Fe3+; Substitutions in the XII site .............................................. 437 Petrologic aspects of biotite .............................. 437 Biotite occurrence and composition in the context of gross lithology ......................................... 438 Biotite in pelitic schists; metagreywacke and impure quartzites; calc-silicates in marbles; metabasites; metamorphosed granitic rocks ............ 438 Miscellaneous ........................................ 439 Metamorphia controls on the occurrence and composition of biotite .............................................. 439 Biotite in marbles and calc-silicates ............... 439 Biotite in metabasites ............................... 442 Biotite in pelitic schists .......................... 443 Petrogenetic aspects of biotite ......................... 447 Isogradic reactions; Continuous variation of biotite composition in response to continuous reactions; Relationships with volatile constituents ......................................... 448 Exchange-reactions and geothermometry ................ 450 Biotite identification and determination of composition .... 452 Optical methods; Chemical analyses of biotite ........... 452 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ............................... 453 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 455 REFERENCES .................................................... 456 11 F-OH and Cl-OH EXCHANGE in MICAS with APPLICATIONS to HYDROTHERMAL ORE DEPOSITS J.L. Munoz INTRODUCTION .................................................. 469 THERMODYNAMICS OF HALOGEN=HYDROXYL EXCHANGE ................... 469 SYSTEMATICS OF F=OH EXCHANGE .................................. 470 Effect on physical properties .............................. 470 Fe-F avoidance ............................................. 472 Stability relations ..................................... 472 F-OH exchange experiments ............................... 473 Thermodynamic models; Crystal field theory; Cation ordering ................................................ 474 Thermodynamics of (0H, F) biotite solutions ................ 475 Fluorine intercept value and fluorine index ............... 477 Uncertainties relating to anion occupancy .................. 477 SYSTEMATICS OF Cl=OH EXCHANGE ................................. 479 Mg-Cl avoidance ............................................ 479 Chlorine intercept value; F/Cl intercept value ............. 480 HALOGEN COMPOSITIONS OF HYDROTHERMAL MICAS RELATED TO ORE DEPOSITS ...................................................... 481 Fluorine ................................................... 483 Chlorine; Fluorine/chlorine ratio .......................... 485 INTERPRETATION OF HALOGEN INTERCEPT DATA IN TERMS OF FLUID COMPOSITIONS .................................................. 486 CONCLUSIONS ................................................... 490 REFERENCES .................................................... 491 12 ILLITE Jan Środoń & Dennis D. Eberl INTRODUCTION .................................................. 495 X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS .................................... 496 XRD identification of illitic materials by basal reflections ................................................... 496 Characterization of "standard illites" by basal reflections ................................................ 500 Illite crystallinity index ................................. 502 Interparticle diffraction .................................. 503 Polytypes .................................................. 506 Quantitative analysis of illitic materials in multicomponent systems ..................................... 510 Analysis of oriented preparations ....................... 510 Analysis of random preparations ......................... 512 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION .......................................... 512 Composition of illite in relation to other 2:1 phyllosilicates ............................................ 512 Chemistry of illite and illite layers ...................... 515 ILLITE IN NATURAL, SYNTHETIC, AND THEORETICAL SYSTEMS ......... 518 Weathering environment ..................................... 518 Opening of illite layers ................................ 518 Neoformation of illite in weathering profiles ........... 518 Illitization of smectite by wetting and drying .......... 520 Sedimentary environment .................................... 521 Formation of illite in sea water ........................ 521 Formation of illite in lakes ........................... 523 Diagenetic/metamorphic environment ......................... 524 Illitization of smectite ................................ 524 Illitization of haolinite ............................... 527 Illitization of feldspar ................................ 529 Illitization of muscovite ............................... 529 Neoformation of illite in sandstone pores (Hairy illite) ................................................. 529 Hydrothermal environment ................................... 532 Synthesis .................................................. 532 Stability diagrams ......................................... 536 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................... 538 REFERENCES .................................................... 539 13 GLAUCONITE and CELADONITE MINERALS I. Edgar Odom NOMENCLATURE .................................................. 545 LITERATURE .................................................... 547 GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCES OF GLAUCONITES AND CELADONITES ........... 547 MORPHOLOGICAL FORMS OF GLAUCONITES AND CELADONITES ............ 549 UNIT STRUCTURES OF GLAUCONITES AND CELADONITES ................ 551 Structural characteristics ................................. 551 Mineralogy of glauconites .................................. 552 Mineralogy of celadonites .................................. 557 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS ...................................... 557 Glauconites ................................................ 557 Celadonites ................................................ 561 MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GLAUCONITES AND CELADONITES ................................... 564 ORIGIN OF GLAUCONITE MINERALS ................................. 566 Layer lattice theory ....................................... 567 Neoformation theory ........................................ 568 ORIGIN OF CELADONITE MINERALS ................................. 570 FUTURE RESEARCH ............................................... 570 REFERENCES .................................................... 571 APPENDIX X-RAY POWDER PATTERNS of MICAS REFERENCES .................................................... 573 DIOCTAHEDRAL TRUE MICAS ....................................... 574 TRIOCTAHEDRAL TRUE MICAS ...................................... 577 BRITTLE MICAS ................................................. 583