Laser imaging and manipulation in cell biology / ed. by F.S.Pavone. - Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2010. - xiii, 246 p.: ill. - ISBN 978-3-527-40929-7  Место хранения:   061 | Институт оптики атмосферы CO РАН | Томск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

List of Contributors ........................................... XI Introduction .................................................... 1 Francesco S. Pavone Part One Multiphoton Imaging and Nanoprocessing .......................... 7 1 Multiphoton Imaging and Nanoprocessing of Human Stem Cells ... 9 Karsten König and Aisada Uchugonova 1.1 Introduction ............................................ 9 1.2 Principle of Two-Photon Microscopy and Multiphoton Tomography ............................................. 10 1.3 Multiphoton Microscopes and Multiphoton Tomographs ..... 12 1.4 Endogenous Cellular Fluorophores and SHG Active Biomolecule Structures ................................. 14 1.5 Optical Nanoprocessing ................................. 17 1.5.1 Principle and Mechanism of Femtosecond Laser Nanoprocessing .................................. 17 1.5.2 Stem Cells ...................................... 18 1.5.3 Upgrading the Multiphoton Microscope ............ 20 1.5.4 Autofluorescence Imaging of Human Stem Cells .... 21 1.5.5 Multiphoton Imaging during Differentiation ...... 21 1.5.6 Nanoprocessing .................................. 25 1.6 Discussion and Conclusion .............................. 28 References .................................................. 31 2 In Vivo Nanosurgery ......................................... 35 Leonardo Sacconi and Francesco S. Pavone 2.1 Introduction ........................................... 35 2.2 Physical Mechanisms .................................... 36 2.3 Experimental Setup ..................................... 37 2.4 Subcellular Nanosurgery ................................ 38 2.5 In Vivo Nanosurgery .................................... 41 2.6 Conclusions ............................................ 46 References .................................................. 47 Part Two Light-Molecule Interaction Mechanisms ................. 49 3 Interaction of Pulsed Light with Molecules: Photochemical and Photophysical Effects ................................... 51 Gereon Hüttmann 3.1 Introduction ........................................... 51 3.2 Basic Photophysics ..................................... 52 3.2.1 Electronic States of Molecules and the Jablonski Diagram ............................... 53 3.2.2 Changes between States .......................... 54 3.3 Bleaching and Excited State Absorption ................. 57 3.4 Multiphoton Absorption and Ionization .................. 60 3.5 Relevance for Biomedical Applications .................. 61 3.5.1 Effectiveness of Pulsed Lasers for Photodynamic Therapy ............................ 61 3.5.2 Reduction of Photobleaching in Laser Scanning Microscopy ...................................... 63 3.5.3 Super-Resolution by Optical Depletion of the Fluorescent State 3.6 Conclusions ............................................ 67 References .................................................. 68 4 Chromophore-Assisted Light Inactivation: A Twenty-Year Retrospective ............................................... 71 Daniel G. Jay 4.1 Historical Perspective ................................. 71 4.2 Family of CALI-Based Technologies ...................... 72 4.3 Spatial Restriction of Damage .......................... 73 4.4 Mechanism of CALI ...................................... 74 4.5 Micro-CALI ............................................. 75 4.6 Intracellular Targets of CALI .......................... 75 4.7 CALI In Vivo ........................................... 76 4.8 High-Throughput Approaches ............................. 77 4.9 Future of CALI ......................................... 77 References .................................................. 78 5 Photoswitches ............................................... 83 Andrew A. Beharry and G. Andrew Woolley 5.1 Introduction ........................................... 83 5.2 Synthetic Photoswitches ................................ 84 5.3 Natural Photoswitches .................................. 89 References .................................................. 93 6 Optical Stimulation of Neurons .............................. 99 S.M. Rajguru, A.I. Malic, and C.-P. Richter 6.1 Introduction ........................................... 99 6.2 Neural Stimulation with Optical Radiation ............. 100 6.2.1 General Considerations ......................... 100 6.2.2 Effect of Optical Stimulation on Excitability ................................... 101 6.2.3 Optical Stimulation via Photochemical Mechanism ...................................... 101 6.2.3.1 Activation via Exogenously Added Chromophore ........................... 102 6.2.3.2 Activation of an Endogenous Chromophore ........................... 102 6.3 Direct Optical Stimulation of Neural Tissue ........... 103 6.3.1 Pulsed Infrared Lasers for Direct Stimulation .................................... 104 6.3.1.1 Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves ...... 104 6.3.1.2 Stimulation of Cranial Nerves ......... 105 6.3.1.3 Advantages of Optical Stimulation ..... 106 6.3.2 Challenges for Optical Stimulation ............. 106 6.3.2.1 Mechanism of Stimulation with Optical Radiation ..................... 106 6.3.2.2 Safety of Optical Stimulation ......... 108 References .............................................. 108 Part Three Tissue Optical Imaging ............................. 113 7 Light-Tissue Interaction at Optical Clearing ............... 115 Elina A. Genina, Alexey N. Bashkatov, Kirill V. Larin, and Valeiy V. Tuchin 7.1 Introduction .......................................... 115 7.2 Light-Tissue Interaction .............................. 115 7.3 Tissue Clearing ....................................... 120 7.3.1 Compression and Stretching ..................... 122 7.3.2 Dehydration and Coagulation .................... 122 7.3.3 Optical Immersion .............................. 124 7.4 Enhancers of Diffusion ................................ 130 7.4.1 Diffusion through Membranes .................... 130 7.4.2 Chemical Agents ................................ 131 7.4.3 Physical Methods ............................... 132 7.5 Diffusion Coefficient Estimation ...................... 133 7.5.1 Spectroscopic Methods .......................... 135 7.5.2 Optical Coherence Tomography ................... 138 7.6 Applications of Tissue Optical Clearing to Different Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques ................. 144 7.6.1 Glucose Sensing ................................ 145 7.6.1.1 NIR Technique ......................... 145 7.6.1.2 OCT Technique ......................... 147 7.6.1.3 Photoacoustic Technique ............... 147 7.6.1.4 Raman Spectroscopy .................... 148 7.6.2 Tissue Imaging ................................. 149 7.6.2.1 Confocal Microscopy ................... 149 7.6.2.2 Nonlinear Microscopy .................. 149 7.6.2.3 Multiphoton Microscopy ................ 151 7.6.2.4 Polarized Microscopy .................. 152 7.6.2.5 Optical Projection Tomography ......... 253 7.6.3 Therapeutic Applications ....................... 153 7.7 Conclusion ............................................ 155 References ................................................. 256 Part Four Laser Tissue Operation ........................................ 165 8 Photodynamic Therapy - the Quest for Improved Dosimetry in the Management of Solid Tumors .......................... 167 Ann Johansson and Stefan Andersson-Engels 8.1 Introduction .......................................... 167 8.2 Photodynamic Reactions ................................ 168 8.2.1 Direct PDT Effects ............................. 170 8.2.2 Vascular PDT Effects ........................... 170 8.2.3 Immunological Effects .......................... 170 8.2.4 Manipulating the PDT Effect .................... 171 8.3 Photosensitizers ...................................... 173 8.3.1 Photophysical Properties ....................... 175 8.3.2 Pharmacokinetics and Tumor Selectivity ......... 276 8.4 PDT Dosimetry Models .................................. 177 8.4.1 Explicit Dosimetry ............................. 279 8.4.2 Implicit Dosimetry ............................. 282 8.4.3 Direct Dosimetry ............................... 282 8.4.4 Biological Response ............................ 284 8.4.5 Summary of PDT Dose Models ..................... 284 8.5 Clinical Implementation ............................... 285 8.6 Where is PDT Heading? ................................. 288 8.6.1 Novel Applications ............................. 289 8.6.2 Novel Light Delivery Modes ..................... 190 8.6.3 Novel Photosensitizer Development .............. 190 8.6.4 Novel Implementation of Dosimetry and Dosimetric Measurements .................................... 292 References ................................................. 293 9 Laser Welding of Biological Tissue: Mechanisms, Applications and Perspectives .............................. 203 Paolo Matteini, Francesca Rossi, Fulvio Ratto, and Roberto Pini 9.1 Introduction .......................................... 203 9.2 Mechanism of Thermal Laser Welding .................... 206 9.2.1 Composition of the Extracellular Matrix ........ 206 9.2.2 Thermal Modifications of Connective Tissues and Mechanism of Welding ....................... 207 9.2.2.1 Hard Laser Welding .................... 220 9.2.2.2 Moderate Laser Welding ................ 220 9.2.2.3 Soft Laser Welding .................... 210 9.3 Temperature Control in Laser Welding Procedures ....... 211 9.3.1 Control Systems of Temperature Dynamics ........ 211 9.4 Surgical Applications of Thermal Laser Welding ........ 214 9.4.1 Laser Welding in Ophthalmology ................. 215 9.4.1.1 Clinical Applications in the Transplant of the Cornea .............. 215 9.4.1.2 Preclinical Applications in the Closure of the Lens Capsule ........... 218 9.4.2 Laser Welding in Vascular Surgery .............. 219 9.5 Future Perspectives ................................... 223 References ................................................. 226 Conclusions ................................................ 233 Francesco S. Pavone References ................................................. 242 Index ...................................................... 243