Preface ..................................................... ix
1 Perspective on heliophysics .................................. 1
George L. Siscoe and Carolus J. Schrijver
1.1 Universal processes: "laws" of space weather ............ 1
1.2 Pressure, gravity, and electromagnetism ................. 2
1.3 Structure and dynamics of the local cosmos .............. 5
1.4 Energetic particles ..................................... 8
1.5 Weather and climate in space ............................ 9
1.6 Universal processes in the local cosmos and
instrumentation ........................................ 12
2 Introduction to space storms and radiation .................. 15
Sten Odenwald
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 15
2.2 Uncovering the Sun-Earth connection .................... 16
2.3 Human impacts of space weather ......................... 17
2.4 Impacts of solar flares ................................ 25
2.5 The satellite era ...................................... 28
2.6 How bad can it get? .................................... 35
2.7 Outside the box ........................................ 38
2.8 Space weather awareness ................................ 38
2.9 Space weather forecasting .............................. 40
3 In-situ detection of energetic particles .................... 43
George Gloeckler
3.1 Introduction ........................................... 43
3.2 What needs to be measured and how it is measured? ...... 46
3.3 Geometrical factor of detectors ........................ 47
3.4 Energy loss of energetic particles by ionization ....... 48
3.5 Simple particle detectors .............................. 52
3.6 Energy analyzers ....................................... 62
3.7 Time-of-flight telescopes .............................. 66
3.8 Space instruments measuring composition ................ 67
4 Radiative signatures of energetic particles ................. 79
Tim Bastian
4.1 Overview of the electromagnetic spectrum ............... 79
4.2 Preliminaries .......................................... 87
4.3 Radiation from energetic particles ..................... 93
4.4 New observations, new questions ....................... 116
5 Observations of solar and stellar eruptions, flares,
and jets ................................................... 123
Hugh Hudson
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 123
5.2 Overview of flare properties .......................... 125
5.3 The basic phenomena of a solar flare .................. 131
5.4 Flare energetics ...................................... 142
5.5 Flare analogs ......................................... 144
5.6 Observational aspects of magnetic reconnection ........ 151
5.7 Conclusions ........................................... 157
6 Models of coronal mass ejections and flares ................ 159
Terry Forbes
6.1 Recapitulation of key observational features .......... 159
6.2 Models ................................................ 169
6.3 Some topics for future research ....................... 191
7 Shocks in heliophysics ..................................... 193
Merav Opher
7.1 Introduction .......................................... 193
7.2 Why shocks happen: non-linear steepening and shocks ... 196
7.3 Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions ...................... 198
7.4 Definition and classification of shocks ............... 200
7.5 Physical processes in shocks and future work .......... 206
8 Particle acceleration in shocks ............................ 209
Dietmar Krauss-Varban
8.1 Introduction .......................................... 209
8.2 Types of shocks and plasma parameters ................. 210
8.3 Kinetic shock physics ................................. 212
8.4 Particle acceleration mechanisms at shocks ............ 216
8.5 Particle acceleration at the Earth's bow shock
and at interplanetary shocks .......................... 223
8.6 Summary ............................................... 230
9 Energetic particle transport ............................... 233
Joe Giacalone
9.1 Cosmic rays in the solar system ....................... 233
9.2 The motion of individual charged particles ............ 239
9.3 The cosmic-ray transport equation ..................... 245
9.4 The diffusion tensor .................................. 253
9.5 Some representative applications ...................... 256
10 Energy conversion in planetary magnetospheres .............. 263
Vytenis Vasyliūnas
10.1 Introduction .......................................... 263
10.2 Overview of disturbances in Earth's space
environment ........................................... 263
10.3 Fundamentals of energy storage, transfer, and loss .... 267
10.4 Energy budget of magnetospheres ....................... 273
10.5 What leads to explosive energy releases? .............. 283
10.6 Applications: Earth ................................... 286
10.7 Applications: other planets ........................... 289
10.8 Concluding remarks .................................... 291
11 Energization of trapped particles .......................... 293
Janet Green
11.1 Heliophysical particles: universal processes and
problems .............................................. 293
11.2 Particle motion ....................................... 296
11.3 General characteristics of heliospheric particle
radiation ............................................. 302
11.4 Radiation belt acceleration mechanisms ................ 305
11.5 Radiation belt particle losses ........................ 315
12 Flares, coronal mass ejections, and atmospheric
responses .................................................. 321
Timothy Fuller-Row ell and Stanley C. Solomon
12.1 Introduction .......................................... 321
12.2 ITM responses to geomagnetic storms ................... 323
12.3 ITM responses to solar flares ......................... 346
12.4 Conclusions ........................................... 356
13 Energetic particles and manned spaceflight ................. 359
Stephen Guetersloh and Neal Zapp
13.1 Radiation protection: introduction .................... 359
13.2 Sources of radiation exposure during spaceflight ...... 363
13.3 Spaceflight operations ................................ 366
13.4 The Constellation Program ............................. 368
13.5 Environmental characterization ........................ 372
13.6 Summary ............................................... 378
14 Energetic particles and technology ......................... 381
Alan Tribble
14.1 Introduction .......................................... 381
14.2 Overview of space environment effects ................. 381
14.3 Effects of keV energy particles: spacecraft
charging .............................................. 385
14.4 Effects of MeV energy particles: total-dose effects ... 391
14.5 Effects of GeV energy particles: single-event
effects ............................................... 394
14.6 Modeling the GCR/SPE environment ...................... 398
Appendix I Authors and editors ............................. 401
List of illustrations ...................................... 403
List of tables ............................................. 410
References ................................................. 411
Index ...................................................... 441
The plates are to be found between pages 148 and 149.
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