List of Contributors ........................................... xi
Preface ...................................................... xiii
1 An Introduction to Primary Producers in the Sea: Who They
Are, What They Do, and When They Evolved
Paul G. Falkowski and Andrew H. Knoll
I What Is Primary Production? ................................ 2
II How Is Photosynthesis Distributed in the Oceans? ........... 3
III What Is the Evolutionary History of Primary Production
in the Oceans? ............................................. 4
IV Concluding Comments ........................................ 5
References ...................................................... 5
2 Oceanic Photochemistry and Evolution of Elements and
Cofactors in the Early Stages of the Evolution of Life
David Mauzerall
I Energy Requirements for Life ............................... 8
II Prebiotic Photochemistry—UV and Oceanic Photochemistry ..... 8
III Evolution of Cofactors .................................... 10
IV Conclusions ............................................... 17
References ..................................................... 17
3 The Evolutionary Transition from Anoxygenic to Oxygenic
Photosynthesis
Robert E. Blankenship, Sumedha Sadekar, and Jason Raymond
I Earliest Evidence for Photosynthesis and the Nature of
the Earliest Phototrophs .................................. 22
II Structural Conservation of the Core Structure of
Photosynthetic Reaction Centers During Evolution .......... 25
III The Structural and Mechanistic Differences Between the
Anoxygenic Reaction Centers of Type II and Photosystem
II of Oxygenic Organisms .................................. 28
IV Evolutionary Scenarios for How the Transition from
Anoxygenic to Oxygenic Photosynthesis May Have Taken
Place ..................................................... 29
Conclusions and Prospects for the Future .................. 33
References ..................................................... 33
4 Evolution of Light-Harvesting Antennas in an Oxygen World
Beverley R. Green
I How Cyanobacteria Changed the World ....................... 38
II Light-Harvesting Antennas and the Evolution of the
Algae ..................................................... 39
III Phycobilisomes ............................................ 40
IV The ISIA/PCB Family ....................................... 42
V About Chlorophylls ........................................ 44
VI The LHC Superfamily ....................................... 45
VII Overview .................................................. 49
References ..................................................... 50
5 Eukaryote and Mitochondrial Origins: Two Sides of the Same
Coin and Too Much Ado About Oxygen
William Martin
I Cell Evolution With and Without Endosymbiosis ............. 55
II The Standard Model of How and Why the Mitochondrion
Become Established ........................................ 57
III There are at Least 12 Substantial Problems with the
Standard Model ............................................ 58
IV The Same 12 Issues from the Standpoint of an Alternative
Theory .................................................... 64
V Criticism and Defense of the Hydrogen Hypothesis .......... 66
VI Intermezzo ................................................ 68
VII Conclusions ............................................... 69
References ..................................................... 70
6 Photosynthesis and the Eukaryote Tree of Life
Johanna Fehling, Diane Stoecker, and Sandra L. Baldauf
I The Eukaryotes ............................................ 76
II Overview of the Tree ...................................... 77
III The Eukaryote Root ........................................ 88
IV Oxygenic Photosynthesis Across the Eukaryote Tree of
Life ...................................................... 89
V Conclusions ............................................... 98
References ..................................................... 99
7 Plastid Endosymbiosis: Sources and Timing of the Major
Events
Jeremiah D. Hackett, Hwan Su Yoon, Nicholas J. Butterfield,
Michael J. Sanderson, and Debashish Bhattacharya
I General Introduction to Plastid Endosymbiosis ............ 109
II Primary Plastid Origin and Plantae Monophyly ............. 114
III Secondary Plastid Endosymbiosis .......................... 121
IV Tertiary Plastid Endosymbiosis ........................... 124
V Summary .................................................. 127
References .................................................... 128
8 The Geological Succession of Primary Producers in the
Oceans
Andrew H. Knoll, Roger E. Summons, Jacob R. Waldbauer,
and John E. Zumberge
I Records of Primary Producers in Ancient Oceans ........... 134
II The Rise of Modern Phytoplankton ......................... 142
III Paleozoic Primary Production ............................. 146
IV Proterozoic Primary Production ........................... 148
V Archean Oceans ........................................... 152
VI Conclusions .............................................. 155
References .................................................... 157
9 Life in Triassic Oceans: Links Between Planktonic and
Benthic Recovery and Radiation
Jonathan L. Payne and Bas van de Schootbrugge
I Benthos .................................................. 169
II Plankton ................................................. 174
III Benthic-Planktonic Coupling in Triassic Oceans ........... 180
IV Conclusions .............................................. 182
References .................................................... 183
10 The Origin and Evolution of Dinoflagellates
Charles F. Delwiche
I Paleontological Data ..................................... 193
II Phylogeny of Dinoflagellates ............................. 194
III The Plastids of Dinoflagellates .......................... 198
IV Dinoflagellates in the Plankton .......................... 200
References .................................................... 202
11 The Origin and Evolution of the Diatoms: Their Adaptation
to a Planktonic Existence
Wiebe H.C.F. Kooistra, Rainer Gersonde, Linda K. Medlin,
and David G. Mann
I The Hallmark of the Diatoms: The Silica Frustule ......... 210
II Diatom Phylogeny ......................................... 211
III The Origin of the Frustule ............................... 219
IV The Fossil Record ........................................ 221
V The Success of the Diatoms in the Plankton ............... 227
VI Cryptic Diversity in Planktonic Diatoms and Its Bearing
on Evolution ............................................. 237
VII The Dawning Future of Diatom Research: Genomics .......... 239
References .................................................... 241
12 Origin and Evolution of Coccolithophores: From Coastal
Hunters to Oceanic Farmers
Colomban de Vargas, Marie-Pierre Aubry, Ian Probert, and
Jeremy Young
I Coccolithophores and the Biosphere ....................... 251
II What Is a Coccolithophore? ............................... 253
III The Haptophytes .......................................... 256
IV Tools and Biases in the Reconstruction of
Coccolithophore Evolution ................................ 259
V The Evolution of Haptophytes up to the Invention of
Coccoliths: From Coastal Hunters to Oceanic Farmers? ..... 261
VI The Origin of Calcification in Haptophytes: When, How
Many Times, and Why? ..................................... 267
VII Macroevolution Over the Last 220 Million Years ........... 275
VIII The Future of Coccolithophores ........................... 279
References .................................................... 281
13 The Origin and Early Evolution of Green Plants
Charles J. O'Kelly
I Green Plants Defined ..................................... 288
II Green Plant Body Plans ................................... 291
III The Core Structure of the Green Plant Phylogenetic
Tree ..................................................... 294
IV Difficulties in the Green Plant Phylogenetic Tree ........ 301
V Green Plants in the Modern Marine Environment ............ 303
VI Conclusions .............................................. 304
References .................................................... 304
14 Armor: Why, When, and How
Christian Hamm and Victor Smetacek
I Why Armor ................................................ 312
II When ..................................................... 323
III How ...................................................... 324
IV Conclusions .............................................. 329
References .................................................... 330
15 Does Phytoplankton Cell Size Matter? The Evolution of
Modern Marine Food Webs
Z.V. Finkel
I Size Matters: From Physiological Rates to Ecological
and Evolutionary Patterns ................................ 334
II Resource Availability, Primary Production, and Size
Structure of Planktonic and Benthic Food Webs ............ 339
III Size and the Evolution of Marine Food Webs ............... 340
References .................................................... 345
16 Resource Competition and the Ecological Success of
Phytoplankton
Elena Litchman
I Resource Acquisition and Measures of Competitive
Ability .................................................. 352
II The Role of Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in
Resource Competition in Phytoplankton .................... 355
III Physiological Trade-Offs ................................. 359
IV Ecological Strategies of Resource Utilization in Major
Functional Groups ........................................ 361
V Future Phytoplankton Communities ......................... 366
VI Challenges and Future Directions ......................... 367
References .................................................... 370
17 Biological and Geochemical Forcings to Phanerozoic Change
in Seawater, Atmosphere, and Carbonate Precipitate
Composition
Michael W. Guidry, Rolf S. Arvidson, and Fred T. MacKenzie
I Continental Weathering Fluxes and CO2 .................... 378
II The Global Biogeochemical Cycles of Calcium, Magnesium,
Carbon, Sulfur, Silica, and Phosphorus ................... 382
III Oceanic Sinks ............................................ 384
IV Some Trends in Carbonate Rock Features ................... 392
V Atmosphere and Seawater Composition ...................... 393
VI Discussion and Conclusions ............................... 397
References .................................................... 400
18 Geochemical and Biological Consequences of Phytoplankton
Evolution
Miriam E. Katz, Katja Fennel, and Paul G. Falkowski
I Introduction ............................................. 405
II The Role of Phytoplankton in the Geological Carbon
Cycle .................................................... 408
III The Phanerozoic Carbon Isotope Record .................... 413
IV Feedbacks in Biogeochemical Cycles ....................... 417
V Concluding Remarks ....................................... 424
References .................................................... 425
Index ......................................................... 431
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