Abstract ........................................................ V
Acknowledgements ............................................... VI
List of Hierarchies and Tables ................................. IX
Abbreviations .................................................. XV
0. Purpose ...................................................... 1
0.1. General outline ......................................... 2
1. Introduction ................................................. 3
1.1. Introduction to Erzya ................................... 3
1.2. Introduction to person ................................. 27
1.3. Research in the Erzya category of adnominal person ..... 35
1.3.1. Background ...................................... 35
1.3.2. The category of adnominal person ................ 38
2. Methodology and Corpora ..................................... 45
2.1. Corpora ................................................ 46
2.2. Phonological phenomena of modern Erzya ................. 48
2.3. Morpho-semantic evaluation of stems and affixes ........ 49
2.4. Compatibility of case and adnominal-person
morphology ............................................. 49
2.5. The semi-automatic parser .............................. 51
2.6. Sublexicon-case alignments and variation in adnominal
person ................................................. 54
2.7. Defectivity in the genitive slot of the possessive
declension ............................................. 54
2.8. Secondary declension ................................... 55
3. Phonology ................................................... 57
3.1. Phonemes in Erzya transliteration ...................... 57
3.2. Phonetic phenomena behind allomorphic variation ........ 62
3.2.1. Vowel harmony ................................... 62
3.2.2. Palatal harmony ................................. 64
3.2.3. Devoicing ....................................... 66
3.2.4. Voicing ......................................... 67
3.2.5. Loss of affix-initial V ......................... 67
Stem-final vowel loss ....................................... 68
4. Morphology .................................................. 69
4.1. Nominal-type word-stem morphology ...................... 69
4.2. Affixes ................................................ 74
4.2.1. Case ............................................ 74
4.2.1.1. Core cases ............................. 75
4.2.1.2. Local cases ............................ 84
4.2.1.3. Attributive Cases ...................... 94
4.2.2. Number ......................................... 104
4.2.3. Deictic markers ................................ 108
4.2.3.1. Possessor-index markers ............... 109
4.2.3.1.1. First person ............... 112
4.2.3.1.2. Second person .............. 116
4.2.3.1.3. Third person ............... 118
4.2.3.2. Definite markers ...................... 127
4.2.4. Nominal conjugation markers .................... 129
4.2.5. The clitic -Gak ................................ 132
4.3. Adnominal-type person in parts of speech .............. 134
4.3.1. Possessive declension compatibility for
distinguishing parts of speech ................. 136
4.3.2. Attested parts of speech and sublexica ......... 149
4.3.3. Drawing conclusions ............................ 157
4.4. Paradigm defectivity in Erzya possessor indexing ...... 164
4.4.1. Background ..................................... 164
4.4.2. A dialect attesting [±number] and [±kin]
parameters ..................................... 166
4.4.3. Distinct common-noun referents indefinite
genitive forms in literature ................... 168
4.4.4. Orkino ......................................... 169
4.4.5. Recent grammatical presentation of the
possessive declension .......................... 171
4.5. Adnominal syntax and secondary declension ............. 174
4.5.1. Background ..................................... 174
4.5.2. Compatibility of zero marking and adnominal-
person ......................................... 188
4.5.3. Compatibility of possessive-declension
modifiers with zero marking strategy ........... 191
4.5.4. Personal and reflexive/intensive pronouns
and secondary declension ....................... 193
5. Conclusions ................................................ 207
Erzya Source Literature (Corpora) ............................. 213
Reference Bibliography ........................................ 225
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