Caristan C.L. Laser cutting guide for manufacturing. - Dearborn, MI: Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 2004. - xx, 447 p.: ill. - ISBN 0-87263-686-0  Место хранения:   014 | Институт теоретической и прикладной механики СО РАН | Новосибирск | Библиотека

Оглавление / Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments .................................. xiii Introduction ................................................. xvii Part I: Inputs 1. Overview of Laser-cutting Applications ....................... 3 Introduction ................................................. 3 Cost of Change ............................................... 5 Market Demands, Gantry versus Articulated Robot Systems, Finishing to Specifications Flat Products ............................................... 11 Formed and Shaped Products .................................. 13 Laser-cutting Process ....................................... 16 Laser Output, Cutting Parameters 2. Market for Laser Cutting .................................... 29 Comparison of Metal-cutting Technologies .................... 30 Market Trends ............................................... 31 Technology Trends ........................................... 35 Machine Motion Concepts, Beam-delivery Systems, Motion Systems, Laser Resonators, Automation Special Applications ........................................ 44 Laser Coil Slitting, Laser Blanking 3. Materials ................................................... 55 Introduction ................................................ 55 Metal Alloy Types ........................................... 56 Mild Steels, Stainless Steels, Aluminum Alloys, Titanium and Nickel Alloys, Copper Alloys Mechanical and Physical Properties .......................... 60 Oxidation Lubrication ................................................. 71 Coating ..................................................... 71 Stackability ................................................ 73 Storage ..................................................... 73 Optical Properties .......................................... 73 Surface Conditions .......................................... 78 Coil Set, Waviness, and Camber 4. Machines .................................................... 83 Laser Resonators ............................................ 84 C02 Lasers, YAG Lasers Laser and Motion Control .................................... 97 Water Cooling Systems ....................................... 98 Piping, Water Quality, Water Treatment, Dual Water-cooling Circuits Beam-delivery Systems ...................................... 101 Fiberoptic Cable for YAG Lasers, Articulated Arms for C02 Lasers, Gantry Beam Delivery for C02 Lasers, Optics Gas-delivery Systems ....................................... 113 Rigid Tubing, Flexible Tubing, Contamination by Diffusion, Leakage, Purging and Flushing Air-filter Systems ......................................... 118 Scrap Removal Systems ..................................... 118 Motion Systems ............................................. 119 Factory Automation ......................................... 121 5. Methods .................................................... 125 Introduction ............................................... 125 Assist-gas Types ........................................... 127 Laser-gas Types ............................................ 127 Gas Supply ................................................. 130 Gas Purity ................................................. 134 Assist-gas Delivery Nozzle Geometry ........................ 137 Nozzles .................................................... 146 Nozzle Standoff, Nozzle Alignment Water and Mist Assist ...................................... 153 Focus Characteristics ...................................... 154 Beam-delivery System, Cooling, Focusing Lens, Focus Position Laser Output ............................................... 171 Laser-beam Mode, Polarization Feed Rate .................................................. 181 Start of Cut, End of Cut, Corner-angle Processing, Corner-radius Processing Piercing ................................................... 186 6. Man ........................................................ 191 Introduction ............................................... 191 Training ................................................... 191 Product Design ............................................. 194 Production Planning ........................................ 195 7. Measurement ................................................ 197 Introduction ............................................... 197 Variable and Attribute Data ................................ 198 Input and Output Measurements .............................. 200 8. Mother Nature .............................................. 205 Part II: Outputs 9. Quality .................................................... 209 Introduction ............................................... 209 Critical-to-quality Parameters ............................. 210 Variation .................................................. 210 Edge Quality ............................................... 211 Cut-edge-surface Roughness, Sources of Variation Contour Accuracy ........................................... 229 Sources of Variation Dross ...................................................... 235 Sources of Variation Edge Straightness .......................................... 237 Edge Parallelism ........................................... 238 Kerf Width ................................................. 241 Burning .................................................... 242 10.Productivity ............................................... 245 Introduction ............................................... 245 Throughput ................................................. 246 Cycle Time versus Processing Time, Threshold Point for Laser Cutting Justification Maintenance Downtime ....................................... 252 Laser-cutting Machines, Gas-delivery Systems, Laser Excitation Mechanism, Gas Blowers, Beam-delivery System Alignment Process Automation ......................................... 268 Material Handling Setup Downtime ............................................. 269 Repeatability and Reliability .............................. 271 Impacts of Process Inputs .................................. 272 Impact of Material, Impact of Machine, Impact of Methods, Impact of Man, Impact of Mother Nature Total Productive Maintenance ............................... 285 Equipment Effectiveness 11.Profitability .............................................. 289 Introduction ............................................... 289 Feasibility and Development ................................ 290 Procurement ................................................ 291 Cost of Ownership .......................................... 293 Development Costs, Capital Expenses, Operating Costs 12.Safety and Environment ..................................... 301 Introduction ............................................... 301 Safety Precautions ......................................... 301 Clothing, Noise, Machinery, Fire Protection, Eye and Skin Protection, Fumes and Dust Other Hazards .............................................. 309 13.The Six-sigma Approach ..................................... 313 Introduction ............................................... 313 The Root of Six Sigma ...................................... 314 Process Capability Continuous Improvement Actions ............................. 324 Define Phase, Measure Phase, Analyze Phase, Improve and Control Phases Design for Six Sigma ....................................... 342 Define Phase, Measure Phase, Analyze Phase, Design Phase, Verify Phase Appendix A: Basics of Lasers .................................. 349 Historical Background ...................................... 349 Active Medium .............................................. 351 Wavelength, Pumping Mechanism, Photons, Light Wave, Spontaneous Emission, Stimulated Emission, Amplification Resonator Cavity ........................................... 361 Cavity Modes Appendix B: Laser-beam Propagation ............................ 369 Resonator-cavity Design .................................... 369 Optical Setups ............................................. 372 Beam Transformation Matrix, Beam Transformation Through a Single Focusing Lens, Beam Transformation Through One Focusing Lens and Three Non-flat Mirrors, Impact of Incident Beam Waist Size and M2 Number Conclusion ................................................. 387 Laser Cutting Guide for Manufacturing Table of Contents Appendix C: Nozzle Gas Dynamics ............................... 389 Nozzle Types ............................................... 389 Isentropic Flow and Specific Heat Coefficients ............. 397 Degrees of Freedom, Speed of Sound and Mach Number, Quasi-one-dimensional Isentropic Gas Flow, Area-velocity Relationship, Critical Conditions Subsonic Free Flow ......................................... 413 Flow Rate Derivations ...................................... 416 Supersonic Regime, Standard Volume Flow Rate, Subsonic Regime Index ......................................................... 423