Becker J.R. Crude oil waxes, emulsions, and asphaltenes. - Tulsa, Okla: Pennwell Books, 1997. - ix, 276 p.: ill. - ISBN 978-0-87814-737-3  Место хранения:   042 | Институт химии нефти СО РАН | Томск

Оглавление / Contents

SECTION I Emulsions Introduction .................................................... 3 1. Petroleum Companies and Emulsions ............................ 5 Oil and Water ................................................ 5 Emulsions .................................................... 6 Production Environments ...................................... 6 Specialty Chemicals and the Environment ...................... 8 Oil-in-Water Emulsions and Environmental Concerns ............ 8 Water-in-Oil Emulsions and Environmental Concerns ............ 9 Field Application of Emulsion Breakers ....................... 9 Specialized Equipment ....................................... 10 The Cost of Wet Oil ......................................... 12 The Cost of Oily Water ...................................... 14 Transport and Refining ...................................... 14 Refinery Influent Streams ................................... 15 Emulsion Formation .......................................... 16 Emulsion Formation Criteria ................................. 16 Solubility .................................................. 16 Intermediary Agents ......................................... 18 External and Internal Phase ................................. 21 Summary ..................................................... 26 2. Forces Involved in Emulsions ................................ 31 Chemical Complexities of Crude Oil Emulsions ................ 31 Nonpolar Interactions ....................................... 33 Combined Ionic and Inductive Forces ......................... 37 Aggregate Interactions ...................................... 37 Bipolar Partitioning ........................................ 41 Internal Phase Diffusion .................................... 41 Aggregate Number ............................................ 43 Emulsion Collision Frequency ................................ 44 Emulsion Collision Energy ................................... 46 Gravitational Settling Forces ............................... 46 Summary ..................................................... 47 3. Macroscopic Physical Behavior of Emulsions .................. 49 Viscosity ................................................... 49 Emulsion Behavior under Shear Stress ........................ 51 Temperature Effects on Emulsions ............................ 53 Gravitational Effects on Emulsions .......................... 55 Electromagnetic Field Effects on Emulsions .................. 56 Determination of Emulsion Type .............................. 60 Quantifying Phases .......................................... 60 Quantifying Phases: Oil-in-Water Emulsions .................. 60 Product Screening Methods ................................... 62 Oil in Water Emulsion Screening ............................. 64 Special Test Procedures ..................................... 64 Field Blending Practices .................................... 66 Summary ..................................................... 66 4. Oil Emulsion Breakers ....................................... 67 Water in Oil ................................................ 67 Xonionic Surfactants ........................................ 69 Nucleophiles ................................................ 77 Summary ..................................................... 80 5. Water Emulsion Breakers ..................................... 83 Oil in Water ................................................ 83 Organic Polysalt Emulsion Breakers .......................... 84 Idealized Organic Polysalts ................................. 84 Flocculation versus Emulsion Resolution ..................... 87 Water in Oil Emulsion Breakers .............................. 87 Oil in Water Emulsion Breakers .............................. 96 Polyamine and Quaternium Salts .............................. 96 Summary ..................................................... 98 SECTION II Waxes ........................................... 101 6. Petroleum Companies and Waxes .............................. 103 Paraffin Wax in Crude Oil .................................. 103 Paraffin Wax Production Problems ........................... 104 Organic Deposition Control ................................. 105 Removal of Paraffin Wax Deposits ........................... 105 Wax and Work-Over .......................................... 106 Physical and Mechanical Wax Control ........................ 106 Wax and Crude Oil Transport ................................ 107 Waxy Crude Oils and the Refinery ........................... 108 Treatment Problems ......................................... 108 Wax and Emulsions .......................................... 109 Solids and Waxes ........................................... 109 Waxes and Asphaltenes ...................................... 112 Some Wax Treatment Considerations .......................... 112 Testing Methodologies ...................................... 113 Summary .................................................... 122 7. Chemical Surfaces .......................................... 125 Wax Surfaces ............................................... 125 Surface Hierarchy .......................................... 126 Wax Defined ................................................ 126 Wax and Viscosity .......................................... 129 The Purity Gradient ........................................ 131 Wax and Changing Surfaces .................................. 134 Surface Tension and Wax .................................... 134 Wax Crystals ............................................... 138 Crystal Order .............................................. 138 Crystal Order and Surface Tension .......................... 140 Summary .................................................... 142 8. Wax Crystal Order and Temperature .......................... 145 The Odd Relationship of Time and Temperature ............... 145 Wax Crystal Habits ......................................... 147 London Forces and van der Waals Radii ...................... 147 Molecular Crystals ......................................... 147 Tern a it and Higher Eutectics ............................. 150 Introduction to a Kinetic Model ............................ 154 Crystal Modifiers .......................................... 156 A Return to a Kinetic Model ................................ 157 Gas Chromatographic Composition Profiles Versus Kinetic Model .................................... 159 Summary .................................................... 161 9. Wax Physical Properties .................................... 165 Melting Point and Boiling Point of Alkanes ................. 165 Bulk System Properties ..................................... 167 Molecular Contributions to Bulk System Rheology ............ 167 Quantum Considerations of Viscosity ........................ 171 Intrinsic Viscosity ........................................ 175 Pseudoplasticity and Thixotropy ............................ 176 Yield Value ................................................ 176 Analogous Thermometry and Rheology ......................... 180 Sound As a Means of Measuring Aggregate Behavior ........... 180 Summary .................................................... 183 10.Wax and Quantum Effects .................................... 185 Electromagnetic Effects of Aggregation ..................... 185 Waxes and Piezoelectricity ................................. 189 Practical Applications of Electromagnetic Aggregation Effects ..................................... 193 Molecular Collisions ....................................... 194 Taking Advantage of Crystallization ........................ 196 How Crystal Modifiers Work ................................. 196 Changes in Oystal Morphology ............................... 200 Crystal Modifier Products .................................. 200 Ciystal Modifier Applications .............................. 202 Crystal Modifier Synthetic Limitations ..................... 202 Some Wax Control Methods ................................... 203 Remedial Treatment Methods ................................. 203 Mechanical Methods ......................................... 205 Biotechnology .............................................. 205 Supplemental Methods of Wax Control ........................ 206 Summary .................................................... 206 SECTION III Asphaltenes ....................................... 209 11.Asphaltenes and Crude Oil .................................. 211 Asphaltene Deposits ........................................ 211 Coplaner Orbital Overlap or Pi Bonding ..................... 213 Polymeric Forms Derived from Protoporphyrin ................ 213 Solvation Sheaths .......................................... 215 Electrostatic Behavior of Asphaltenes ...................... 219 Asphaltene Destabiliztion .................................. 219 Unsheathed Asphaltene Cores ................................ 220 Metallocenes ............................................... 220 Magnetic Susceptibility and Streaming Potential ............ 222 External Aggregate Asphaltene Destabiliztion ............... 222 Summary .................................................... 224 12.Bulk Behavior of Asphaltenes ............................... 229 Operational Definitions Versus Chemical Composition ........ 229 Indirect Evidence for Asphaltene Composition ............... 230 Field Problems with Asphaltenes ............................ 230 Acid Effects on Asphaltenes ................................ 232 Artificial Causes of Asphaltene Deposition ................. 233 Oil Field Treatment Methods ................................ 233 Prochiction Factors Affecting Asphaltenc Deposition ........ 234 Asphaltene Deposition Control by Treatment of Other Problems ....................................... 235 Fluid Transport Equipment .................................. 235 Summary .................................................... 236 13.Asphaltene Testing Methods ................................. 237 Solvent Testing ............................................ 237 Core Testing Procedures .................................... 238 Thin-Layer Photometry ...................................... 238 Size Exclusion Gel Permeation Chromatography ............... 240 Proposed Microwave Tests ................................... 240 Proposed Ligand Replacement Method ......................... 242 Designing Asphaltene Deposit Control Chemicals ............. 242 Chemical Handles ........................................... 244 Chemical Treatment Versus Reaction ......................... 246 Radical Reactions with Sulfur .............................. 248 Combination Product for Treatment of Asphaltenes ........... 248 Summary .................................................... 250 14.Physical Properties of Treating Chemicals .................. 251 Some Physical and Chemical Testing ......................... 251 Chemical Tests ............................................. 252 Physical Testing ........................................... 254 Specialized Testing Procedures ............................. 255 Summary .................................................... 255 Appendix A .................................................... 257 Appendix В .................................................... 259 Appendix С .................................................... 261 Index ......................................................... 267